Fermentation with Aquilariae Lignum Enhances the Anti-Diabetic Activity of Green Tea in Type II Diabetic db/db Mouse

Abstract

The major components of tea may be significantly influenced according to the type of fermentation, and consequently the effects of different teas will differ. We examined whether green tea fermented with Aquilariae Lignum (fGT) shows a stronger anti-diabetic effect than unfermented green tea (GT) on mice with type 2 diabetes. To evaluate the anti-obesity effect of fGT, we assessed body weight, fecal excretion, serum leptin levels, exocrine pancreatic zymogen granule contents, and periovarian fat weight and adiponectin contents. Blood glucose levels, pancreatic weight, and numbers of pancreatic islet insulin- and glucagon-producing cells were determined to evaluate anti-hypoglycemic effects, while total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low- and high-density lipoprotein levels were determined to evaluate anti-hyperlipidemic effects. The antioxidant effect of fGT was detected by measuring malondialdehyde and glutathione contents and the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase. fGT showed anti-obesity, anti-hypoglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemia, and antioxidant effects. Additionally, fGT exerted stronger anti-diabetic effects compared with GT. Collectively, these results suggested that fGT fermented with the appropriate amounts of Aquilariae Lignum (49:1) has a stronger effect compared with GT. Thus, fGT is a promising and potent new therapeutic agent for type 2 diabetes.

Blood glycemia-modulating effects of melanian snail protein hydrolysates in mice with type II diabetes

“…A similar decrease has previously been reported in the daily food consumption of HFD-fed mice (26,40). In the present study, no significant changes in the levels of mean daily food consumption were detected in any of the test agent-administered groups compared with the HFD controls, suggesting that the pharmacological effects of the test agents detected in this study were unlikely to have been due to the inhibition of food consumption.…”

“…14.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), as previously described (43). The efficacy of the test agents was calculated by comparing the percentage changes with HFD control, and the assess disease induction was assessed by calculating the percentage changes between intact and HFD controls according to equations [3] and [4], as previously described (40). $\%\text{changes compared with intact control}=\frac{\text{Data of HFD control}-\text{Data of intact control}}{\text{Data of intact control}}\times 100$ $\%\text{changes compared with HFD control}=\frac{\text{Data of test agent treated mice}-\text{Data of HFD control}}{\text{Data of HFD control}}\times 100$…”

Aquilaria spp. (agarwood) as source of health beneficial compounds: A review of traditional use, phytochemistry and pharmacology

“…Resinatum was enhanced in a Type II diabetic db/db mouse compared with green tea alone (Kang et al, 2014a).…”

Protective effects of a triple‐fermented barley extract (FBe) against HCl/EtOH‐induced gastric mucosa damage in mice

“…Differences were considered significant at p  < 0.01 or p  < 0.05. In addition, the percent‐point changes between intact and H/E control mice were calculated to observe the effects of severities of gastric mucosa damage including ulcerative lesions and the percent‐point changes as compared with H/E control and FBe or RA‐treated mice were also calculated to evaluate the effects of test substances as described by Equations (2) and (3), and our previous established method (Kang et al., 2014), respectively. $\begin{array}{cc}& \text{Percentage Change Compared to the Intact Control}(\%)=\hfill \\ & (((\text{Data of H/E control}\hfill \\ & -\text{Data of intact control mice})/\text{Data of intact control mice})\times 100)\hfill \end{array}$ $\begin{array}{cc}& \text{Percentage Changes Compared to the H/E Control}(\%)=\hfill \\ & (((\text{Data of test substance treated mice}\hfill \\ & -\text{Data of H/E control mice})/\hfill \\ & \text{Data of H/E control mice})\times 100)\hfill \end{array}$ …”