Female urogenital chlamydia: Epidemiology, chlamydia on pregnancy, current diagnosis, and treatment

Tjahyadi, Dian; Ropii, Bejo; Tjandraprawira, Kevin Dominique; Parwati, Ida; Djuwantono, Tono; Permadi, Wiryawan; Li, Tin‐Chiu

doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103448

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…Epidemiological and clinical data on chlamydial infection rates are difficult to ascertain due to limitations in screening and reporting of infections. Massive screening measures have not been implemented worldwide (mainly in developing countries), contributing to inaccuracies when estimating and calculating prevalence and incidence rates [ 10 ]. Furthermore, asymptomatic individuals unknowingly spread the disease to their sexual partners, and, despite treatment, reinfection is common [ 11 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, asymptomatic individuals unknowingly spread the disease to their sexual partners, and, despite treatment, reinfection is common [ 11 ]. It is estimated that about 75% of women and 50% of men are asymptomatic [ 10 ]. Under these circumstances, obtaining reliable data regarding infection rates is difficult, and prevalence rates are presumably higher than what is recorded in the literature.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chlamydia trachomatis—An Emerging Old Entity?

Grygiel-Górniak

Folga

2023

Microorganisms

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Chlamydia trachomatis is an evasive pathogen that can prompt severe clinical manifestations in humans such as vaginitis, epididymitis, lymphogranuloma venereum, trachoma, conjunctivitis and pneumonia. If left untreated, chronic infections with C. trachomatis can give rise to long-lasting and even permanent sequelae. To shed some light on its widespread nature, data from original research, systematic reviews and meta-analyses from three databases was collected and analyzed in the context of chlamydial infection, related symptoms and appropriate treatment modalities. This review describes the bacterium’s pervasiveness on a global scale, especially in developing countries, and suggests ways to halt its transmission and spread. Infections with C. trachomatis often go unnoticed, as many individuals are asymptomatic and unaware of their diagnosis, contributing to a delay in diagnosis and treatment. The high prevalence of chlamydial infection highlights the need for a universal screening and detection method enabling immediate treatment at its onset. Prognosis is favorable with antibiotic therapy and education for high-risk groups and their sexual partners. In the future, a quick, easily accessible, and inexpensive test should be developed to diagnose and treat infected individuals early on. Along with a vaccine against C. trachomatis, it would halt the transmission and spread of the pathogen worldwide.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlamydia trachomatis—An Emerging Old Entity?

Grygiel-Górniak

Folga

2023

Microorganisms

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Comparison of the Alinity M STI with the GeneXpert CT/NG for the detection of sexually transmitted microorganisms

Farfour,

Kitous,

Zucman

et al. 2024

Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease

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Characteristics of reproductive tract infections caused by common pathogens among the outpatients of reproductive medicine center in Putian: retrospective study

Zeng,

Wu,

Wang

et al. 2024

BMC Infect Dis

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Background This study aims to explore the infection and age distribution of Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and Herpes simplex virus type II (HSV II) among the outpatients of Reproductive Medicine Center in Putian, Fujian Province to provide a clinical basis for the early diagnosis and treatment of various reproductive tract diseases and infertility in this region. Methods A total of 1736 samples of secretions and exfoliated cervical cells were collected from the outpatients of the Reproductive Medicine Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Putian University from December 2021 to April 2023. The infections of UU, CT, NG and HSVII were detected by real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the infection statuses of the patients with different genders, ages and diagnoses were analysed. Results Among the 1736 patients, 611 were male and 1125 were female. The male patients had higher UU infection rate but lower HSV II infection rate than the female patients. No significant difference in CT and NG infection rates was observed between the genders. The CT infection rate gradually decreased with the increase in the age. The difference in UU, NG and HSV II infection rates among the different age groups was not statistically significant. For UU infection, the male infertile patients had the highest rate of 37.72% (172/456). Meanwhile, the differences in CT, NG and HSV II infection rates among the different diagnosis groups were not statistically significant. Among the male and female infertile patients, the CT infection rate was the highest in the 21–25 years of age group at 11.11% (2/18) and 9.47% (9/95), respectively. No statistically significant difference in UU, CT, NG and HSV II infection rates was observed among the different age groups of patients diagnosed in relation to the family planning guidance and between the male and female patients with other diagnoses results. Conclusions This study showed that UU was the most frequently identified pathogen in infertile men in Putian, Fujian Province. The CT infection rate was the highest in people under 20 years old, and the infection showed a tendency toward young individuals. Therefore, the publicity of sexual health knowledge must be strengthened, and the prevention and treatment of venereal diseases among young and middle-aged people must be improved. Moreover, the pathogen infection is related to infertility to a certain extent, which is conducive to clinical diagnosis and treatment.

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Female urogenital chlamydia: Epidemiology, chlamydia on pregnancy, current diagnosis, and treatment

Cited by 4 publications

References 39 publications

Chlamydia trachomatis—An Emerging Old Entity?

Chlamydia trachomatis—An Emerging Old Entity?

Comparison of the Alinity M STI with the GeneXpert CT/NG for the detection of sexually transmitted microorganisms

Characteristics of reproductive tract infections caused by common pathogens among the outpatients of reproductive medicine center in Putian: retrospective study

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