Female Nutritional Status across the Life-Span in Sub-Saharan Africa. 1. Prevalence Patterns

Leslie, Joanne; Ciemins, Elizabeth L.; Essama, Suzanne Bibi

doi:10.1177/156482659701800105

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…A popular hypothesis centres on societal behavioural patterns with studies reporting greater social preference of sons to the disadvantage of daughters, 23 including dietary discrimination. 24 We did not examine dietary patterns in this study but are, however, unaware of any South African studies that indicate preferential feeding of children based on gender. A possible explanation lies in the developmental origins of sex differences in health outcomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early life risk exposure and stunting in urban South African 2-year old children

Slemming

Kagura

Saloojee

et al. 2017

J Dev Orig Health Dis

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Stunting is a measure of overall nutritional status and is a major public health concern because of its association with child mortality and morbidity and later adult performance. This study examined the effects of pregnancy events, birth characteristics and infant risk exposure on stunting at age 2 years. The study, established in 1990 in Soweto, an urban South African township, included 1098 mother-infant pairs enroled in the Birth to Twenty Plus longitudinal birth cohort study. In total, 22% of children were stunted at age 2 years, with males at greater risk than females [24.8 v. 19.4%, odds ratio (OR)=1.38; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03, 1.83]. In unadjusted analysis, male sex, household socio-economic status (SES), overcrowding, maternal age, maternal education, single motherhood, ethnicity, birth weight, gestational age and duration of infant breastfeeding were all significantly associated with stunting. In multivariable analysis, higher birth weight was protective against stunting for both sexes. Higher maternal education was protective for females only (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=0.35; 95% CI: 0.14, 0.87), whereas wealthier household SES protected males (AOR for richest SES group=0.39; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.92). In this and other similar settings, current stunting prevention efforts focussing on primarily providing targeted proximal interventions, such as food supplements, risk undermining the critical importance of addressing key distal determinants of stunting such as SES and maternal education.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early life risk exposure and stunting in urban South African 2-year old children

Slemming

Kagura

Saloojee

et al. 2017

J Dev Orig Health Dis

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“…On the basis of a study of gender biases among the Mukogodo of Kenya, Cronk [20] suggested that favouritism towards daughters occurred as a result of lowered socio-economic status. However, there are also studies that report greater social valorisation of sons at the detriment of daughters [21], including dietary discrimination [22], thereby dispelling conclusions of a nutritionally advantaged position of female over male children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Boys are more stunted than girls in Sub-Saharan Africa: a meta-analysis of 16 demographic and health surveys

et al. 2007

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BackgroundMany studies in sub-Saharan Africa have occasionally reported a higher prevalence of stunting in male children compared to female children. This study examined whether there are systematic sex differences in stunting rates in children under-five years of age, and how the sex differences in stunting rates vary with household socio-economic status.MethodsData from the most recent 16 demographic and health surveys (DHS) in 10 sub-Saharan countries were analysed. Two separate variables for household socio-economic status (SES) were created for each country based on asset ownership and mothers' education. Quintiles of SES were constructed using principal component analysis. Sex differentials with stunting were assessed using Student's t-test, chi square test and binary logistic regressions.ResultsThe prevalence and the mean z-scores of stunting were consistently lower amongst females than amongst males in all studies, with differences statistically significant in 11 and 12, respectively, out of the 16 studies. The pooled estimates for mean z-scores were -1.59 for boys and -1.46 for girls with the difference statistically significant (p < 0.001). The stunting prevalence was also higher in boys (40%) than in girls (36%) in pooled data analysis; crude odds ratio 1.16 (95% CI 1.12–1.20); child age and individual survey adjusted odds ratio 1.18 (95% CI 1.14–1.22). Male children in households of the poorest 40% were more likely to be stunted compared to females in the same group, but the pattern was not consistent in all studies, and evaluation of the SES/sex interaction term in relation to stunting was not significant for the surveys.ConclusionIn sub-Saharan Africa, male children under five years of age are more likely to become stunted than females, which might suggest that boys are more vulnerable to health inequalities than their female counterparts in the same age groups. In several of the surveys, sex differences in stunting were more pronounced in the lowest SES groups.

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“…Researches have been done in the countries where pre-pregnant BMI determination is difficult; 1 st visit pregnancy BMI has been used to determine the nutritional status of the mothers and assess pregnancy BMI risk factors (like age, parity, economic status). In most developing countries including Ethiopia women do not tell their baseline weight and height; in this situation the need to determine weight and height and thereby pregnancy BMI at 1 st Antenatal Care (ANC) booking becomes evident so as to guide the counseling need on nutrition during subsequent ANC visits [10] [16]- [21]. Additionally, adverse outcomes of abnormal pregnancy BMI such as pre-eclampsia, induced labor, postpartum hemorrhage, preterm delivery, birth weights less than 2500 g and birth weights >4000 g were documented in other researches [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Socio-Demographic/Economic Risk Factors of Low and High Body Mass Index of Urban versus Rural Pregnant Women at Booking for Antenatal Care in Governmental Health Centers of Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia

Hailu¹,

Dejene²,

Tebeje³

2015

OALib

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Background: Low Body Mass Index (BMI) continues to be a major health burden in addition to the emergence of new competing public health priority (high BMI) in developing countries. Abnormal BMI threatens both the health and survival of mothers and their infants, because it increases their susceptibility to life-threatening problems during pregnancy, and during and following childbirth. Although a number of studies done on nutrition, none was done in pregnancy in our country including Jimma Zone. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess prevalence and identify the risk factors associated with BMI status of pregnant women of urban versus rural residents of Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 03 to October 21, 2011 in randomly selected governmental health centers of Jimma Zone. A total of 1546 pregnant mothers (770 urban and 776 rural residents) who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Structured interviewer administered questionnaires were used for data collection: first exploratory/descriptive data analysis, then, multinomial logistic regression analysis employed using SPSS version 16.0 and significance level of 0.05. Results: Majority of, 60.8% urban and 60.2% rural resident, pregnant mothers had normal BMI at the time of their first booking for Antenatal Care (ANC) on static/outreach basis in the selected governmental health centers or Woredas (districts) of the Zone. Prevalence of low BMI (BMI ≤ 20 kg/m 2) was higher in rural (27.3%) than urban (22.3%) pregnant mothers, whereas high BMI (BMI > 24 kg/m 2

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Female Nutritional Status across the Life-Span in Sub-Saharan Africa. 1. Prevalence Patterns

Cited by 8 publications

References 31 publications

Early life risk exposure and stunting in urban South African 2-year old children

Early life risk exposure and stunting in urban South African 2-year old children

Boys are more stunted than girls in Sub-Saharan Africa: a meta-analysis of 16 demographic and health surveys

Prevalence and Socio-Demographic/Economic Risk Factors of Low and High Body Mass Index of Urban versus Rural Pregnant Women at Booking for Antenatal Care in Governmental Health Centers of Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia

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