Early life risk exposure and stunting in urban South African 2-year old children

Slemming, Wiedaad; Kagura, Juliana; Saloojee, Haroon; Richter, Linda

doi:10.1017/s2040174417000034

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…This association has been mainly explained at the individual level by the breastmilk's immune-protective factors, which help strengthen the child immature immune system, reducing diarrheal episodes and other infectious diseases, which have been identified as leading risk factors for stunting, as well as reduced exposure to non-innocuous complementary liquids or foods, such as unsafe drinking water [8,20,31]. Similarly, in agreement with several scholars, we identified a lower risk for females to be stunted [21,27,32]. There is no consensus or clear mechanism for this association; however, it may be partially explained through maternal fetal environment and differential growth trajectories by gender.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Association Between Breastfeeding and Child Stunting in Mexico

Campos

Vilar‐Compte

Hawkins

2020

Annals of Global Health

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Background: Globally, the prevalence of child stunting has been decreasing over the past decades. However, in low- and middle-income countries such as Mexico, stunting is still the most prevalent form of undernutrition affecting a large number of children in the most vulnerable conditions. Breastfeeding has been identified as one of the key affordable and modifiable maternal health behaviors protecting against child stunting. Objective: To examine the association between breastfeeding (defined as never breastfed, any breastfeeding for <6 months, and any breastfeeding for ≥6 months) and other individual-, household-, and area-level factors with child stunting (defined as length/height-for-age-z-score for sex under –2 standard deviations of the World Health Organization child growth standards’ median) in Mexico. Methods: Secondary data analysis using the 2012 Mexican Health and Nutrition Survey, which allowed representativeness of rural and urban areas at national level and among 4 regions in Mexico. Our subset included data on 2,089 singleton Mexican children aged 6–35 months with information on previously identified risk and protective factors for stunting. We conducted fixed- and mixed-effects logistic regression models sequentially controlling for each level of factors. Findings: Overall, 12.3% of children were stunted and 71.1% were breastfed for ≥6 months. Any breastfeeding and being female were consistent protective factors against child stunting across all models. In contrast, child low birthweight, maternal short stature, higher number of children aged <5 years per household, and moderate to severe food insecurity were consistent risk factors for child stunting across all models. Conclusions: According to our findings, efforts to reduce child stunting in Mexico should include prenatal strategies aiming to prevent low birthweight offspring particularly among short-stature women, moderate to severe food insecure households, families with a higher number of children aged <5 years, and indigenous communities. Postnatal components should include multilevel strategies to support breastfeeding.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Association Between Breastfeeding and Child Stunting in Mexico

Campos

Vilar‐Compte

Hawkins

2020

Annals of Global Health

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“…Monteiro et al 20 and Deshmukh et al 21 also commented that the higher female education worked as a key factor contributing to reduce stunting in case of Brazil. The finding of the present study is also aligned with others 10,22,23 . Maternal formal education, as a proxy for socioeconomic status, was noticeably attached to less stunting in both urban and rural regions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…9 . Stunting is a logical indicator which gives a detailed summary of child health deficit 10 . Consequently, stunted children are more susceptible to infections and have poor cognitive growth, lower learning performance in their childhood 11,12 , decreased adult stature, reduced productivity and salary in adulthood 13,14 .…”

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confidence: 99%

The effects of mother education and intervening mechanisms on rural-urban child stunting: evidence from Pakistan

Farooq¹,

Rafique²,

Shah³

2019

Revista Pan-Amazônica de Saúde

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OBJECTIVES: Estimate the impact of mother schooling on rural-urban child chronic malnutrition from Pakistan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data on all education based pathways, such as socio-demographic and behavioral, were taken from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2012-13 dataset. The data on all infants aged 0-59 months, whose height and weight were measured at the survey time, were selected for empirical analysis. Analyses with binary logistic regression model were used to determine the effect of mother formal schooling on rural-urban infant stunting after controlling for other factors deeply linked to her schooling. RESULTS: Empirical results showed that urban mothers having primary and secondary/ higher education have less likelihood of stunting for their infants than rural mothers relative to illiterate mothers, implying that illiterate mothers have more stunted kids. Male household head and poor economic rank have more likelihood of stunting in both locations, relative to female household head and rich households. Among explanatory variables, maternal schooling, health seeking attitude, socioeconomic rank, empowerment, and child weight are highly significant predictors of stunting in rural-urban Pakistan. Despite of earlier significant outcomes, targeted interventions are important aiming at mothers having no education. CONCLUSION: Female education, along with various other pathways (her socioeconomic, empowerment and heal seeking thought), has reduced chronic malnutrition and has been a guarantee of better living standard, still targeted interventions are important aiming at mothers having no education by specifying a big share of federal and regional budget on female education.

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“…Male children tend to be stunted compared to female children. Studies conducted in South Africa (34) and Indonesia (6) were in line with this study fi nding. A study among Senegalese children indicated that males were more likely to experience linear growth faltering because they were at risk of having shorter breastfeeding duration, being fed at an earlier age, or already being undernourished previously.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Early introduction of complementary food and childhood stunting were linked among children aged 6-23 months

Paramashanti¹,

Benita

2020

Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia

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Background: Indonesia’s national stunting prevalence remains high. The transition from exclusive breastfeeding to poor complementary feeding practices may put infants at higher risk of becoming stunting. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the early introduction of complementary food and stunting among young children aged 6-23 months in Kebumen Regency. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted among 307 young children in Kebumen Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia, by using multistage cluster sampling. Our primary outcome was stunting or height-for-age z-score <-2, whereas independent variables were child, maternal, and household factors. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed to assess significant determinants at the level of significance 0.05. Results: Timely introduction of complementary food was a protective factor against stunting (AOR= 0.54; 95%CI: 0.31-0.94). Female children were less likely to be associated with stunting (AOR= 0.54; 95%CI: 0.32-0.93). Conversely, variables which significantly increased the risk of becoming stunting included older children aged 12-17 months (AOR= 2.01; 95%CI: 1.05-3.84) and 18-23 months (AOR= 4.17; 95%CI: 2.15-8.08) and maternal occupation in agricultural sectors (AOR= 3.77; 95%CI: 1.17-12.1). Conclusions: Child factors associated with stunting was the first timing of complementary feeding, child sex, and child age. The maternal factor linked to stunting was the mother's occupation in the agricultural sector. This study indicated that child and maternal factors play essential roles in childhood stunting.

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Early life risk exposure and stunting in urban South African 2-year old children

Cited by 15 publications

References 43 publications

Association Between Breastfeeding and Child Stunting in Mexico

Association Between Breastfeeding and Child Stunting in Mexico

The effects of mother education and intervening mechanisms on rural-urban child stunting: evidence from Pakistan

Early introduction of complementary food and childhood stunting were linked among children aged 6-23 months

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