Female entrepreneurship in the Baltics: formal and informal context

Abstract

Purpose This paper aims to review female entrepreneurship in a (post) transition context, analysing its almost three-decade development in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. Little research has focussed to date on female entrepreneurship in the Baltic countries. Using an institutional perspective, this paper aims to explain the unique interplay of formal and informal contexts that have shaped the development of female entrepreneurship in (post-) transition contexts. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on an institutional reading and analysis of secondary data: statistical data, international reports and previous studies on female entrepreneurs. Findings There are more than 130,000 female entrepreneurs in the Baltic countries who share many common features and challenges. While the formal entrepreneurship environment is considered to be very developed in the Baltic countries, women are under-represented among the population of entrepreneurs, and there is gender-based sectoral segregation of female entrepreneurs in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. This indicates a need to recognise the diversity of patterns in entrepreneurial development, reflecting different inheritances from the Soviet past and the inertial character of some informal institutions, not to mention the differences in the pace of change during the transition period following the Soviet era. Practical implications This research can be used for academics, professionals, researchers and policymakers working in the fields of small business and entrepreneurship. Its data can furthermore be used to develop evidence-based policy and actions that would foster the participation of women in entrepreneurship in Baltic countries. Originality/value So far, little research has focussed on female entrepreneurship in the Baltic countries. The paper attempts to investigate that Baltic countries with their history of emphasis on gender equality on one hand and the award-winning business and entrepreneurship system on the other hand demonstrate relatively low levels of women’s entrepreneurship. This paper aims to contribute to the field of entrepreneurship, illustrating how entrepreneurship is linked to its social context.

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“…If they have a good business idea, an entrepreneurial passion and the required skills, they may successfully combine their caring responsibilities with running and managing their own venture. In line with other studies (Terrell and Troilo, 2010;Byrne et al, 2019;Ajefu, 2019;Rugina, 2019), we recommend fostering female entrepreneurship through sharing experiences and establishing female entrepreneurship clubs, and empowerment by sharing stories of successful women entrepreneurs.…”

Gender question: Econometric answer

“…Noticeably, the more entrepreneurial skills are used in a country, the richer the economy is in it (Dankiewicz et al, 2020). At the same time, many countries cannot use these factors relatively freely due to traditional, legislative or behavioural aspects (e.g., Rugina, 2019;Berger & Soubaya, 2019;Kenny, 2019;Pinkovetskaya et al, 2019).…”

The effects of technology acceptance and use behaviour on women’s entrepreneurship motivation factors

“…Women's entrepreneurship is not a "female entrepreneurship" as stated by some authors in the literatüre (Rugina, 2019;Nguyen et al, 2014;Danish and Smith, 2012). Entrepreneurship is not a process that varies by gender or race.…”