Female entrepreneurship, creating shared value, and empowerment in tourism; the neutralizing effect of gender-based discrimination

Exploring the determinants of solo female travel intention among millennials: a comparative study from rural and urban perspectives

“…The current article adopted all measurement items from previous literature (refer to Appendix Table A1). For measuring self-empowerment, the scale was adapted from Bagheri et al. (2023) and memorable tourism experience (Tiwari et al.…”

Women empowerment in tourism: progressing the research agenda

“…Much of the literature focused on specific case studies, primarily from the developing world (Moswete and Lacey, 2015) and/or from conservative contexts such as Muslim countries (Abou-Shouk et al , 2021). An overview of pertinent research indicates that out of the 36 identified studies, 10 focused on Asian countries (Yang et al , 2018), 9 studies on the Middle East (Bagheri et al , 2022) and 8 studies centred on Africa (Nwosu, 2014). There are only six studies looking at women empowerment in a European context (Annes and Wright, 2015), three focusing on Latin America (Arroyo et al , 2019) and only one comparative study between North America and Asia (Boley et al , 2017).…”

“…Tourism offers employment and entrepreneurship opportunities to women; hence, the effects of women’s involvement in tourism are a focal point of pertinent studies. Approximately half of the studies look at the effect of tourism employment and/or entrepreneurship on women empowerment (Bagheri et al , 2022), with several examining women empowerment in a specific tourism setting like ecotourism or rural tourism (Arroyo et al , 2019). However, these studies tend to focus on economic empowerment overlooking other dimensions.…”

“…Around a third of existing studies seem to have adopted a descriptive approach in examining women empowerment by either qualitatively evaluating women’s perceptions of empowerment through tourism (Alsawafi, 2016) or quantitatively measuring determinants of women empowerment in tourism (Radović-Marković and Živanović, 2019) without reference to a specific theoretical framework. The rest seem to have relied largely on Scheyvens’ (2000) conceptualisation of women empowerment, which identifies economic, social, political and psychological dimensions (Bagheri et al , 2022). Boley et al ’s (2017) residents empowerment scale which has been adjusted to female residents was also used (Abou-Shouk et al , 2021; Elshaer et al , 2021).…”

“…Furthermore, future research needs to include different geographical locations in both the developing and developed world and if possible compare and contrast women empowerment between different countries. Currently, the literature on women empowerment in tourism is focused on Asian, Middle Eastern and African contexts (Bagheri et al , 2022) with lesser attention being paid on Western settings. It is worth considering the several cultural sub-groups that may exist in Western countries and which may potentially face different circumstances and/or conditions in terms of their access to resources, control over their life-related decision-making and freedom.…”