“…Performing a 3D portable ultrasound scan of the bladder, using a portable scanner, is a rapid and non-invasive method to determine a residual volume (Thanagumtorn 2016). Symptom assessment is also fundamental, the sensation of incomplete emptying, voiding small amounts and straining to void are all indications of voiding dysfunction (Kobayashi et al 2018), and accompanied with a raised residual urine may indicate the need for ISC.…”