Feeding modes, duration, and diarrhea in infancy: Continued evidence of the protective effects of breastfeeding

Diallo, Ana F.; McGlothen-Bell, Kelly; Lucas, Richard; Walsh, Stephen J.; Allen, Carolyn; Henderson, Wendy A.; Cong, Xiaomei; McGrath, Jacqueline M.

doi:10.1111/phn.12683

Cited by 10 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…A cohort study had demonstrated that an estimated 53% of diarrhea hospitalizations could have been prevented per month by exclusive breastfeeding and 31% by partial breastfeeding in the first 8 months after birth [49]. Another cohort study supports this result that formula feeding for ≥3 months was associated with higher odds of diarrhea between 6 and 12 months [50]. A recent systematic review showed that the pooled relative risk of diarrhea incidence among infants aged ≤ 6 months was 0.37 (95% CI: 0.27; 0.50) and was 0.46 (95% CI: 0.28; 0.78) among infants aged > 6 months [51].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Associations between Feeding Patterns and Infant Health in China: A Propensity Score Matching Approach

et al. 2021

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Breastmilk is the optimal food for infants. Feeding pattern is closely related to physical development and health during infancy. Understanding the associations between feeding patterns and health status can inform related policy interventions and advocacy in China. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between infant feeding patterns and health status in China infants. The China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2013 was a national-representative cross-sectional study performed particularly for children aged 0–5 years. A total of 3974 infants aged under 1 year were included in the analysis, of whom 1082 (27.2%) made up the formula feeding group, and 2892 (72.8%) made up the breastfeeding group. The associations between feeding patterns and physical development and health were investigated using propensity score matching and multivariable logistic regression models. Among breastfeeding and formula feeding infants aged 9–11 months old, weight-for-age z score was 1.1 ± 1.1 and 0.9 ± 1.3, respectively, and weight-for-length z score was 1.0 ± 1.3 and 0.7 ± 1.4, respectively. Hemoglobin in 0–2, 3–5, 6–8, and 9–11 months old breastfeeding infants was 121.4 ± 15.2 g/L, 117.1 ± 13.0 g/L, 113. 9 ± 11.9 g/L, and 114.4 ± 14.0 g/L, while in 0–2, 3–5, 6–8, and 9–11 months formula feeding infants was 116.3 ± 14.8 g/L, 120.4 ± 11.3 g/L, 119.8 ± 11.2 g/L, and 120.0 ± 11.5 g/L, respectively. Breastfeeding was associated with lower risk of respiratory disease (OR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.64, 0.99) and diarrhea (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.98). Breastfeeding could slightly improve infant physical development, and had a protective effect on the diarrheal and respiratory diseases. Infants aged 3–11 months who were breastfeeding showed lower hemoglobin than that of formula-fed infants and thus should increase intake of iron rich complementary foods.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Associations between Feeding Patterns and Infant Health in China: A Propensity Score Matching Approach

et al. 2021

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“…Numerous studies have shown that sIgA from breast milk has a protective effect against diarrhea in the first 6 months of life. Dialo et al, 2019 [14], noticed that breastfeeding discontinuation before the 3 rd month was found to be significantly associated with a high incidence of diarrhea at 6 months of age and between 6 and 12 months. Breastfeeding discontinuation (weaning) before the 6…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Breast Milk Secretory Immunoglobulin A on Infants Acute Gastroenteritis

Dimitrovska-Ivanova

Zisovska

2020

Open Access Maced J Med Sci

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BACKGROUND: Acute gastroenteritis is one of the most common infections in childhood and it can be especially dangerous in the first 6 months of life with a higher risk of moderate and severe dehydration, especially in infants who are not exclusively breastfed. Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) is the first line of defense on the intestinal epithelium from pathogenic microorganisms and intestinal toxins. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine whether breast milk sIgA has some protective effect on the intestinal epithelium as well as on the severity and duration of the clinical signs in infants with acute gastroenteritis depending on the type of nutrition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 23 infants with acute gastroenteritis divided into two groups based on the feeding patterns (type of milk) were included in the study. Investigated indicators were severity of symptoms, dehydration degree, and the need for parenteral rehydration. RESULTS: We identified a statistically significant association between group affiliation and the sIgA levels in stool between the first and the second groups (p = 0.001346). The most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants was Rotavirus. Our study has shown that exclusive breastfeeding reduces the risk of Rotavirus infection, especially in the first 6 months of life, OR = 0.0758, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.0071–0.8074). CONCLUSION: The presence of breast milk sIgA in infants has an effect on the severity of the clinical picture of acute gastroenteritis by reducing the frequency of vomiting, the number and severity of diarrheal episodes, the risk of moderate and severe dehydration, and fever frequency.

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“…Tested in two randomized controlled trials in the United States, early, daily, small-volume formula supplementation supported growth without interfering with overall breastfeeding duration [20,21]. In LMIC, formula may allow infants at risk of future wasting and stunting to begin weight gain earlier; however, formula use has also been associated with mortality [22][23][24]. Studies have shown that the impact of formula on infant weight can vary by infant age and by breastfeeding status.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While formula use increases infant weight in the neonatal period, exclusive use of formula feeding decreases infant weight in the first 2 months, and then increases infant weight later in infancy [9,18,25]. Thus, studies are needed in LMIC to demonstrate the effect of formula feeding on infant growth and assess the frequency of adverse events [23,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Randomized controlled trial of early, small-volume formula supplementation among newborns: A study protocol

Ginsburg

Nankabirwa

et al. 2022

PLoS ONE

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Childhood undernutrition is a major health burden worldwide that increases childhood morbidity and mortality and causes impairment in infant growth and developmental delays that can persist into adulthood. The first weeks and months after birth are critical to the establishment of healthy growth and development during childhood. The World Health Organization recommends immediate and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). In infants for whom EBF may not meet nutritional and caloric demands, early, daily, small-volume formula supplementation along with breastfeeding may more effectively avoid underweight wasting and stunting in early infancy than breastfeeding alone. The primary objective of this randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the efficacy of formula for 30 days among low birth weight (LBW) infants <6 hours of age and those not LBW with weights <2600 grams at 4 days of age. We will compare breastfeeding and formula (up to 59 milliliters administered daily) through 30 days of infant age vs recommendations for frequent EBF without supplementation, and test the hypothesis that formula increases weight-for-age z-score at 30 days of infant age. The trial will enroll and randomize 324 mother-infant pairs in Guinea-Bissau and Uganda, and follow them for 6 months for outcomes including growth, intestinal microbiota, breastfeeding duration, infant dietary intake, and adverse events. Conservatively estimating 20% loss to follow up, this sample size provides ≥80% power per weight stratum for intervention group comparison to detect a difference of 0.20 with respect to the outcome of WAZ at day 30. This trial was approved by the University of California, San Francisco Institutional Review Board (19–29405); the Guinea-Bissau National Committee on Ethics in Health (Comite Nacional de Etica na Saude, 075/CNES/INASA/2020); the Higher Degrees, Research and Ethics Committee of Makerere University (871); and the Uganda National Council of Science and Technology (HS1226ES). We plan to disseminate study results in peer-reviewed journals and international conferences. Trial registration number: NCT04704076.

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Feeding modes, duration, and diarrhea in infancy: Continued evidence of the protective effects of breastfeeding

Cited by 10 publications

References 21 publications

Associations between Feeding Patterns and Infant Health in China: A Propensity Score Matching Approach

Associations between Feeding Patterns and Infant Health in China: A Propensity Score Matching Approach

Impact of Breast Milk Secretory Immunoglobulin A on Infants Acute Gastroenteritis

Randomized controlled trial of early, small-volume formula supplementation among newborns: A study protocol

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