Feeding lactating primiparous sows to establish three divergent metabolic states: II. Effect on nitrogen partitioning and skeletal muscle composition.

Clowes, E. J.; Williams, Ian H.; Baracos, Vickie E.; Pluske, J.R.; Cegielski, A.; Zak, L.J.; Aherne, F. X.

doi:10.2527/1998.7641154x

Cited by 30 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The superalimented and ad libitum-fed sows produced the same estimated amount of milk energy (66 MJ/d) and milk N (76 g/d) during lactation; however, superalimented sows retained an additional 31 g/d of nitrogen over and above the sows fed on an ad libitum basis. Almost all of this nitrogen, 96%, appeared in maternal protein (Clowes et al, 1998). These data do not support our hypothesis and provide evidence that, unlike multiparous sows, first-litter sows seem to partition extra energy into body growth rather than into milk production.…”

Section: Milk Production and Pig Growthcontrasting

confidence: 55%

“…Our aim in this study was to keep as many of these variables as possible constant and vary only nutrient intake, such that the effects observed on milk production, pig growth, and reproduction (see Zak et al, 1998) could be attributed directly to the nutrient load entering the sow. It is unlikely, for example, that differences in litter size would have accounted for the lack of statistical difference we observed in milk yield.…”

Section: Milk Production and Pig Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Feeding lactating primiparous sows to establish three divergent metabolic states: III. Milk production and pig growth.

Pluske

Williams

Zak

et al. 1998

Journal of Animal Science

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Section: Milk Production and Pig Growthcontrasting

confidence: 55%

Section: Milk Production and Pig Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding lactating primiparous sows to establish three divergent metabolic states: III. Milk production and pig growth.

Pluske

Williams

Zak

et al. 1998

Journal of Animal Science

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“…Interestingly, SA did not increase milk production . Hence, almost all of the additional nutrients available to the sows were directed toward tissue anabolism (see Clowes et al, 1998 for further discussion) and could have potentially ameliorated any inhibitory effects of lactational catabolism on reproductive performance. Consistent with the data reported by Nelssen et al (1985), Mullan and Williams (1989), and Koketsu et al (1996), restriction of feed intake during lactation seemed to decrease litter weight at weaning and extended the weaning-to-estrus interval (Reese et al, 1982;Mullan and Williams, 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding lactating primiparous sows to establish three divergent metabolic states: I. Associated endocrine changes and postweaning reproductive performance.

Zak

Williams

Foxcroft

et al. 1998

Journal of Animal Science

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“…Nevertheless, we did not observe any differences in MY between trials, and therefore we averaged out the data. A number of factors have been reported to affect milk production and composition (Darragh and Moughan, 1998), but there are data to support the idea that the provision of milk nutrients to the piglet does not depend strictly upon the supply of dietary nutrients to the dam due to the mobilization of sow reserves (Klaver et al, 1981;Clowes et al, 1998;, a factor that declines as fat reserves are depleted (Noblet and Etienne, 1986). The feeding regime throughout nursing in our study resulted in average daily weight losses in the range of 400 to 550 g/day and did not affect MY.…”

Section: My and Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production and composition of Iberian sow's milk and use of milk nutrients by the suckling Iberian piglet

Aguinaga

Gómez-Carballar²,

Nieto

et al. 2011

Animal

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Sixteen purebred Iberian (IB) sows were used in two consecutive trials to determine the efficiency of conversion of sow's milk into piglet body weight (BW) gain and the relationship between milk protein and body protein retention and between milk energy yield and body energy retention in the nursing IB piglet. In each trial, four sows were selected in order to evaluate their milk production, litter growth and nutrient balance measurements, together with four additional sows for milk sampling. Litter size was equalized to six piglets. Daily milk yield (MY) was determined weekly by the weigh-suckle-weigh technique over a 34-day lactation period. Piglets were weighed individually at birth and then weekly from day 5 of lactation. Milk samples were collected on days 5, 12, 19, 26 and 34 post partum. The comparative slaughter procedure was used to determine piglet nutrient and energy retention. One piglet from each litter was slaughtered at birth and four on the morning of day 35. Total MY was on average 5.175 6 0.157 kg/day. The average chemical composition (g/kg) of the milk was 179 6 4 dry matter, 53.4 6 1.0 CP, 58.5 6 3.8 fat, 10.4 6 0.3 ash and 56.9 6 2.3 lactose. Milk gross energy (GE) was 4.626 6 0.145 MJ/kg. Milk intake per piglet tended to increase in trial 2 (832 v. 893 g/day; P 5 0.066). Piglet BW gain contained (g/kg) 172.1 6 1.3 protein, 151.5 6 3.5 fat, 41.4 6 0.6 ash and 635 6 3 water and 10.127 6 0.126 MJ GE/kg. Throughout the 34-day nursing period, the piglets grew at an average rate of 168 6 3 g/day. The ratio of daily piglet BW gain to daily MY was 0.195 6 0.002 g/g and the gain per MJ milk GE intake was 41.9 6 0.5 g/MJ. The overall efficiency of protein accretion (g CP gain/g CP milk intake) was low and declined in trial 2 (0.619 v. 0.571; P 5 0.016). Nutrient and energy deposition between birth and weaning were 27.4 6 0.5 g/day protein, 24.2 6 0.8 g/day fat and 1615 6 40 kJ/day energy. Piglet energy requirements for maintenance were 404 kJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg BW 0.75 . ME was used for growth with a net efficiency of 0.584. These results suggest that poor efficiency in the use of sow's milk nutrients rather than a shortage in milk nutrient supply might explain the low growth rate of the suckling IB piglet.Keywords: milk production, milk composition, Iberian piglets, protein and energy deposition, nutrient balance ImplicationsThis study suggests that growth rate in the suckling Iberian (IB) piglet is not limited by a shortage in milk nutrient supply but might rather be related to a very low efficiency in the use of milk protein and energy. In the young IB piglet, protein deposition is a costly process, presumably because of a high protein turnover rate, as found in later growth stages. The sharp decrease in milk conversion ratios detected during the last week of the study implies that a lactation period of more than 4 weeks is not to be recommended.

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Feeding lactating primiparous sows to establish three divergent metabolic states: II. Effect on nitrogen partitioning and skeletal muscle composition.

Cited by 30 publications

References 34 publications

Feeding lactating primiparous sows to establish three divergent metabolic states: III. Milk production and pig growth.

Feeding lactating primiparous sows to establish three divergent metabolic states: III. Milk production and pig growth.

Feeding lactating primiparous sows to establish three divergent metabolic states: I. Associated endocrine changes and postweaning reproductive performance.

Production and composition of Iberian sow's milk and use of milk nutrients by the suckling Iberian piglet

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