Feeding Deterrence of Anthraquinone, Anthracene, and Anthrone to Rice-Eating Birds

Avery, Michael L.; Humphrey, John S.; Decker, David G.

doi:10.2307/3802138

Cited by 55 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…As our experiments were performed after the breeding season (see Table 5), we can probably exclude the effect of odours that could emanate from easy bleeders on the starlings. Starlings are deterred when coming into contact with potent "avian repellents" such as ortho-aminoacetophenone (WagerPage & Mason 1996;Avery et al 1997). Easy bleeders could incorporate deterrent compounds in the integument, but steroid alkaloids or glucosinolates were not detected in a sample of over 15 larval integuments from R. nodicornis and A. rosae, respectively (Gfeller et al 1995;Müller, unpublished).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defence effectiveness of easy bleeding sawfly larvae towards invertebrate and avian predators

Boevé

Müller

2005

Chemoecology

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Easy bleeding is a phenomenon discovered in some tenthredinid insects which possess a particularly low mechanical resistance of the integument, leading under mechanical stress to haemolymph exudation. It has a defensive effect against ants and wasps through harmful plant compounds which are sequestered in the haemolymph. Here we describe etho-ecological and some chemical aspects of the defence of easy bleeders and specify the range of predators to which easy bleeding might be effective. Beside a high haemolymph deterrence associated with low integument resistance across sawfly species, we also detected toxicity of the haemolymph of some species to workers of the ant Myrmica rubra. The behaviour of easy bleeders is to move slowly and, once disturbed, to become motionless, thereby probably impeding the tendency of a predator to attack. This behaviour had no beneficial effect for easy bleeders when attacked by the predatory bug Podisus maculiventris. Bugs could successfully and without harm prey on sawfly larvae without evoking easy bleeding. For the easy bleeder Athalia rosae, host plants with different secondary metabolite profiles, and, consequently, changes in haemolymph chemistry only slightly affected the feeding behaviour of the bugs. To test the effectiveness of easy bleeding towards a vertebrate predator, easy bleeders were offered to birds, Sturnus vulgaris. The body colouration of the sawfly larvae was of prime importance in determining the predator's response when testing birds in a group. It is likely that easy bleeding is a defence strategy directed primarily towards foraging insects with biting-chewing mandibles and that it is much less active towards predatory insects with piercing-sucking mandibles as well as birds. The involvement of chemical and/or physical cues in the strategy is discussed with respect to these types of predators.Key words. Tenthredinidae -easy bleeding in sawfly larvae -anti-predator defence strategy -defensive behaviourintegument -haemolymph deterrence and toxicityMyrmica rubra -Podisus maculiventris -Sturnus vulgaris

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defence effectiveness of easy bleeding sawfly larvae towards invertebrate and avian predators

Boevé

Müller

2005

Chemoecology

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“…This phenomenon has been documented previously. Red-winged blackbird exposure to anthraquinone reduced consumption on untreated rice in cage studies (Avery et al (1997)). Thus, we hypothesize that red-winged blackbird exposure to high levels of anthraquinone will reduce damage to untreated sweet corn in close proximity to treated plants and this zone of protection will decrease as distance from the treated plant increases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory efficacy of an anthraquinone-based repellent for reducing bird damage to ripening corn

Carlson¹,

Tupper²,

Werner³

et al. 2013

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

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a b s t r a c tWildlife repellents provide a non-lethal alternative for managing agricultural impacts associated with wildlife depredation. To evaluate a potential bird repellent for ripening corn, we conducted a feeding experiment at the United States Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center with 66 red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus). Using a two-choice experimental design we tested the efficacy of Avipel repellent (a.i. 50% 9,10-anthraquinone) on ripening sweet corn. Red-winged blackbirds consumed an average of 8.6% ± 0.9% of kernels from untreated ears and 5.3% ± 1.1% from ears treated with anthraquinone. The interaction between anthraquinone concentration and corn treatment suggests a positive concentration-response for red-winged blackbirds. Odds ratio analysis suggests red-winged blackbirds were 1.4 times more likely to damage untreated sweet corn compared to treated sweet corn. These results suggest efficacy of anthraquinone-based products as red-wing blackbird repellents for ripening corn. Moreover, exposure to anthraquinone-based repellents may reduce consumption of a food matrix that receives little to no direct anthraquinone exposure. Supplemental research is recommended to evaluate anthraquinone-based repellents under field conditions, including the establishment of a chemical tolerance for food and feed use.Published by Elsevier B.V.

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“…They are distinguished by a large structural variety exhibiting numerous biological activities which make them good candidates for further biotechnological or pharmacological investigations and other applications (e.g. fabric dyes, additives to mordant, histology stains, repellents or protective devices against a large spectrum of predators like avian pests and insects) [1][2][3]. A number of studies on emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone) have demonstrated that emodin is capable of inducing cell apoptosis and growth arrest in various cancer cells, such as human lung cancer [4], cervical cancer, leukemia, hepatoma, and prostate cancer cell lines [5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-performance liquid chromatography–off line mass spectrometry analysis of anthraquinones produced by Geosmithia lavendula

Stodůlková

Man

Kolařík

et al. 2010

Journal of Chromatography A

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Feeding Deterrence of Anthraquinone, Anthracene, and Anthrone to Rice-Eating Birds

Cited by 55 publications

References 11 publications

Defence effectiveness of easy bleeding sawfly larvae towards invertebrate and avian predators

Defence effectiveness of easy bleeding sawfly larvae towards invertebrate and avian predators

Laboratory efficacy of an anthraquinone-based repellent for reducing bird damage to ripening corn

High-performance liquid chromatography–off line mass spectrometry analysis of anthraquinones produced by Geosmithia lavendula

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