Feeding by the mixotrophic red-tide dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polygramma: mechanisms, prey species, effects of prey concentration, and grazing impact

Jeong, Hoon Eui; Yoo, Yeong Du; Seong, Kyeong Ah; Kim, Jong Hyeok; Park, Jae Yeon; Kim, Sanghee; Lee, Seung Hyeon; Ha, Jaehyun; Yih, Won Ho

doi:10.3354/ame038249

Cited by 71 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Hansen 1991, 1992, Strom 1991, Nakamura et al 1992, Jacobson & Anderson 1993, Strom & Buskey 1993, Verity et al 1993, and some literature exists on their grazing and growth (e.g. Strom 1991, Hansen 1992, Jeong et al 2005. However, knowledge about the underlying energetics of trophic transport by dinoflagellates is still sparse in comparison to our knowledge of ciliates (e.g.…”

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 94%

Feeding, growth and metabolism of the marine heterotrophic dinoflagellate Gyrodinium dominans

Schmoker¹,

Thor²,

Hernández‐León³

et al. 2011

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

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Rates of grazing, growth, and respiration were studied in the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Gyrodinium dominans experiencing a single pulse of prey. Additionally, rates of grazing and growth were compared to those of G. dominans growing with constant concentrations of prey. The maximal specific growth rates of G. dominans with a single pulse of prey were similar to those observed when G. dominans was acclimated to constant levels of prey. Thus, our results support the hypothesis that the growth of G. dominans responds quickly to changes in the abundance of prey. Moreover, growth rates were negative when concentrations of prey were low; this would suggest that G. dominans is adapted to eutrophic conditions. Respiration rates were higher than growth rates when G. dominans was fed a single pulse of prey, and we hypothesize that the ability to respond numerically to a changing abundance of prey may inflict high metabolic costs. Gross growth efficiencies (GGEs), determined for G. dominans in both food availability conditions, were within the range of values reported for other heterotrophic protozoans, and while GGE decreased when concentrations of food were high in organisms fed a single pulse of food, the opposite was observed in organisms acclimatized to a constant level of food. KEY WORDS: Heterotrophic dinoflagellate · Grazing · Growth · Respiration · GGE Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherAquat Microb Ecol 65: [65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73] 2011 sure. However, matter is lost at varying rates from each trophic level as it is transported up through the food web. Part of the ingested and assimilated matter is used for energy production in respiration before it is transported to the next level. The result is a balance between GGE and respiration, which controls the transport of energy to the upper food web. While the importance of GGE is obvious, the significance of respiration may be more obscure. As in metazoan grazers such as copepods , respiration rates may vary with the food conditions encountered, and they may, as a result, account for considerably varying portions of the total energy budget.Information about the ecological role of heterotrophic dinoflagellates is now increasing (e.g. Hansen 1991, 1992, Strom 1991, Nakamura et al. 1992, Jacobson & Anderson 1993, Strom & Buskey 1993, Verity et al. 1993, and some literature exists on their grazing and growth (e.g. Strom 1991, Hansen 1992, Jeong et al. 2005. However, knowledge about the underlying energetics of trophic transport by dinoflagellates is still sparse in comparison to our knowledge of ciliates (e.g. Verity 1985, Bernard & Rassoulzadegan 1990, Verity 1991. For instance, while Verity (1985) studied grazing, growth, excretion, and respiration in 2 tintinnid ciliate species, studies on Gyrodinium covered grazing and growth rates but unfortunately did not include respiration rates (Hansen 1992, Nakamura et al. 1992, 1995.In the present study, we measured grazing, growth, and respiration rates in ...

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Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 94%

Feeding, growth and metabolism of the marine heterotrophic dinoflagellate Gyrodinium dominans

Schmoker¹,

Thor²,

Hernández‐León³

et al. 2011

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

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“…In the Benguela upwelling system dinoflagellate biomass ranged between 7 and 16 mg C m 23 in Elands Bay (Pitcher 1986) and from 5 to 49 mg C m 23 in St. Helena Bay (Pitcher 1988). Recent studies have stressed the potential importance of heterotrophic and mixotrophic dinoflagellates grazing pressure in the population dynamics of flagellate and diatoms (Jeong et al 2005). The protozooplankton (dinoflagellates and ciliates) appeared to be the major grazers in this coastal upwelling site, although we were not able to distinguish between feeding by ciliates and/ or dinoflagellates, so that we estimated a potential ingestion by the total protozooplankton community .20 mm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relative importance of microbial and classical food webs in a highly productive coastal upwelling area

Vargas

Martínez

Cuevas

et al. 2007

Limnology & Oceanography

150

102

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We present an analysis of seasonal variations in the trophic pathways of carbon in a highly productive coastal upwelling region in the Humboldt current system off Chile. Seasonal changes in phytoplankton, protozooplankton, and bacteria biomass, along with rates of primary production (PP), bacterial growth, secondary production, vertical particle fluxes, and feeding by protozooplankton, omnivorous mesozooplankton, and carnivorous gelatinous zooplankton were determined from July 2004 to June 2005. Phytoplankton biomass and PP were maximal during spring/summer months, associated with upwelling episodes. Heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) were the principal consumers of bacteria, removing .100% of their biomass daily. During autumn/winter, the protozooplankton grazed down a large fraction of HNF production (56% to 96% d 21 ). The mesozooplankton consumed 1-6% of the PP d 21 ; the different size fractions of copepods were omnivorous mostly during autumn/winter months, and ctenophores preyed most strongly on small copepods (0.5% to 5% d 21 ). A large part of the PP was channeled through the microbial food web, and only a small part AcknowledgmentsWe thank the captains and crew of the RV Kay Kay (Universidad de Concepció n, Chile) and the many undergraduate and graduate students who participated in our cruises (L. Lizá rraga, V. Aguilera, C. Aparicio, E. Menschel, and A. Araneda). We also thank José Luis Acuñ a and Albert Calbet for their valuable suggestions that substantially improved an earlier version of the manuscript and two anonymous reviewers for their critical and helpful comments.

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“…(5.6 µm in ESD). In general, engulfmentfeeding dinoflagellates are able to ingest prey cells that are smaller than themselves, whereas peduncle-feeding dinoflagellates are able to feed on prey cells that are larger than themselves (Jeong et al 2005a, 2005d, 2010a. The small size and engulfment feeding mechanism of A. granifera may be responsible for its feeding on only small Pyramimonas sp.…”

Section: Growth and Ingestion Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plankton samples were collected with a water sampler flagellates have been revealed to be mixotrophic (Stoecker 1999, Jeong et al 2005c, 2010b, 2012, Turner 2006, Burkholder et al 2008; they are known to feed on diverse prey, such as heterotrophic bacteria, cyanobacteria, small flagellates, other mixotrophic dinoflagellates, and ciliates (Stoecker et al 1997, Jeong et al 1999, 2005b, 2005c, 2005d, 2010a, 2012, Li et al 1999, Seong et al 2006, Berge et al 2008a, 2008b, Glibert et al 2009, Yoo et al 2009. Thus, discovery of mixotrophy in phototrophic dinoflagellates increase the complexity in food webs, but help in better understanding predator-prey relationships and cycling of materials in the food webs (Jeong et al 2010b).…”

Section: Preparation Of the Experimental Organismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mixotrophy in the newly described dinoflagellate Ansanella granifera: feeding mechanism, prey species, and effect of prey concentration

Lee¹,

Jeong²,

Jang³

et al. 2014

ALGAE

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Mixotrophic protists play diverse roles in marine food webs as predators and prey. Thus, exploring mixotrophy in phototrophic protists has emerged as a critical step in understanding marine food webs and cycling of materials in marine ecosystem. To investigate the feeding of newly described mixotrophic dinoflagellate Ansanella granifera, we explored the feeding mechanism and the different types of species that A. granifera was able to feed on. In addition, we measured the growth and ingestion rates of A. granifera feeding on the prasinophyte Pyramimonas sp., the only algal prey, as a function of prey concentration. A. granifera was able to feed on heterotrophic bacteria and the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. However, among the 12 species of algal prey offered, A. granifera ingested only Pyramimonas sp. A. granifera ingested the algal prey cell by engulfment. With increasing mean prey concentration, the growth rate of A. granifera feeding on Pyramimonas sp. increased rapidly, but became saturated at a concentration of 434 ng C mL -1 (10,845 cells mL -1). The maximum specific growth rate (i.e., mixotrophic growth) of A. granifera feeding on Pyramimonas sp. was 1.426 d . With increasing mean prey concentration, the ingestion rate of A. granifera feeding on Pyramimonas sp. increased rapidly, but slightly at the concentrations ≥306 ng C mL -1 (7,649 cells mL ). The calculated grazing coefficients for A. granifera feeding on co-occurring Pyramimonas sp. were up to 2.78 d -1. The results of the present study suggest that A. granifera can sometimes have a considerable grazing impact on the population of Pyramimonas spp.

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Feeding by the mixotrophic red-tide dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polygramma: mechanisms, prey species, effects of prey concentration, and grazing impact

Cited by 71 publications

References 26 publications

Feeding, growth and metabolism of the marine heterotrophic dinoflagellate Gyrodinium dominans

Feeding, growth and metabolism of the marine heterotrophic dinoflagellate Gyrodinium dominans

The relative importance of microbial and classical food webs in a highly productive coastal upwelling area

Mixotrophy in the newly described dinoflagellate Ansanella granifera: feeding mechanism, prey species, and effect of prey concentration

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