“…For devices implanted to a depth of a few centimeters, and that are on the order of millimeter-to-centimeter in diameter, near-or mid-field electromagnetic power transfer is generally considered to be the most efficient and practical method to power such devices. Near-field power transfer, which operates at frequencies up to approximately 100 MHz for typical implants, has been extensively used for cochlear implants [135], retinal prostheses [86], [93], and various research IMD systems [122], [136]- [139], and has been investigated and characterized to maximize its usage and power transfer efficiency for implants [140]- [145].…”