Feed Formulation and Feeding Technology for Fishes

Abstract

Most fish farmers and ornamental fish hobbyists buy the bulk of their feed from commercial manufacturers. However, small quantities of specialized feeds are often needed for experimental purposes, feeding difficult-to maintain aquarium fishes, larval or small juvenile fishes, brood fish conditioning, or administering medication to sick fish. Small ornamental fish farms with an assortment of fish require small amounts of various diets with particular ingredients. It is not cost effective for commercial manufacturers to produce very small quantities of specialized feeds. Most feed mills will only produce custom formulations in quantities of more than one ton, and medicated feeds are usually sold in 50-pound bags. Small fish farmers, hobbyists and laboratory technicians are, therefore, left with the option of buying large quantities of expensive feed, which often goes to waste. Small quantities of fish feeds can be made quite easily in the laboratory, classroom, or at home, with common ingredients and simple kitchen or laboratory equipment. Hence, this review provides the knowledge about the fish feed formulation and feeding technology concerned with the live feed for fish larvae, fish feeds, fish feed ingredients, common fish feed stuffs, animal and plant sources of feeds for culture fish, and fish feeding methods

Fish Feed Formulation with the Addition of Sludge of Dairy Wastewater and Fermented Wheat Bran

“…The addition of fermented wheat bran could raise the protein content in feed B as much as 5.78% and feed C as much as 5.17% when compared to the unfermented wheat bran. Most feed mills will only produce fish pellets for more than one ton (Pandey, 2013). For laboratory scale, it was almost impossible to produce one ton of fish feed for every variant.…”

Amino Acids Content Comparison with Different Processing Methods (Cook, Raw and Fermented) and Inclusion Levels of Delonix regia in Formulated Fish Diets

“…The raw, cooked and fermented Delonix regia seeds were rich sources of essential amino acids which make it a useful supplement for cereal grains which are generally low in these amino acids [9]. The lower level of lysine (4.19-5.17 g/100 g cp) as compared to the reports of several researchers [9] may be due to reaction with oxidized lipids.…”

“…The raw, cooked and fermented Delonix regia seeds were rich sources of essential amino acids which make it a useful supplement for cereal grains which are generally low in these amino acids [9]. The lower level of lysine (4.19-5.17 g/100 g cp) as compared to the reports of several researchers [9] may be due to reaction with oxidized lipids. Highest digestibility of amino acids observed in cooking as a processing method in this study could be linked to breaking down of the proteinaceous toxins such as typsin inhibitors and haemagglutinin and downregulation of sulphur-containing compounds which enhance the high digestibility of amino acids.…”

Solid state treatment with Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei BGHN14 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus BGT10 improves nutrient bioavailability in granular fish feed

“…Furthermore, given the ability of both viable and non-viable lactobacilli to stimulate fish immunity and infection resistance [63], lactobacilli enriched feed granules could have added probiotic value for larval fish. This opens the way for eventual application of lactobacilli for improvement of nutrient availability in lower quality, animal by-product based, larval feed [64, 65, 66], which would minimize the costs associated with larval rearing without profit reduction.…”