Background: It is well-known fact that medicinal plants are the resources of promising drugs for many ailments. Although, a number of research have been conducted on these plants, however, study related to their cytotoxic and antibacterial activity is of paramount important due to worldwide increase microbial resistance to antibiotics. Objective: The objective of present study was to determine the cytotoxicity and antibacterial activities of Cochlospermum tinctorium roots extract against some clinical isolates of bacteria. Water Material and Methods: and methanol were used in extraction of roots by percolation. The antibacterial activity Cochlospermum tinctorium was carried out using agar well diffusion technique against , , , and E. coli Proteus specie K. pneumoniae P. aeruginosa S. aureus, the minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration were also determined using standard procedure The extracts were also subjected to Phytochemical Screening, Brine-shrimp lethality assay, the Lc 50 values were determined by linear regression analysis method. The result of phytochemical Results: screening revealed the presence of secondary metabolites, the result of antibacterial activity ranged from 7.23±0.20mm to 32.67±0.58mm inhibition zones, N-hexane extract have the highest zone of inhibition (32.67±0.58mm) against at 2000μg/ml concentrations, the extract was active on all the tested K. pneumoniae microorganisms at different concentrations, the MIC was lowest for at (62.5µg /ml) and highest for K. pneumoniae S. aureus E. coli K. pneumoniae and at (125µg/ml), the MBC result showed that, the extract was bactericidal to at (62.5 µg/ml followed by at (125µg/ml) and at (250µg/ml), the cytotoxicity of the plant extract (LC50) S. aureus E. coli showed that, the plant was weakly toxic. These findings therefore support the local use of Conclusion: C. tinctorium root extracts for the treatment of bacterial infections in Northern Nigeria.
A central tenet underlying the use of plant preparations is that plants contain many bioactive phytochemical compounds used for myriad of pharmacological purposes (Maria, 2016). One of the earliest used plants in history is as fossil Cannabis sativa record data reveals the regular use of plant extracts by humans for therapeutic purposes (Alfred, 2013; Federica et al., 2018). From that point, the development of traditional medical system incorporating plants as a means of therapy can be traced back only as far as record documents (Nunez-Selles et al., 2007). Many plant parts are used as medicine for humans and livestock; whole seeds and seed oil are eaten by human, seeds and leaves are fed to animals, seeds oil and stalks are burned for fuel. Whole plants, leaves and wood have environmental uses, bark, fiber and seeds are also of ritual importance (Ullah, 2011; Esra et al., 2012). Newcastle disease (ND) is a transmissible and notifiable disease caused by a single stranded, non-segmented, negative sense RNA virus, also known as Avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV-1) (Haque et al., 2010). The virus of the genus subfamily Paramyxovirinae and of Avulovirus, the family Paramyxoviridae, is an acute, highly contagious rapidly spreading viral disease of domestic poultry and other wild species of birds of all ages (Iran et al., 2013; Aamir et al., 2014). It is considered to be among the most important viral diseases of poultry worldwide and a major
Introduction Salmonella is a bacterial enteric pathogen capable of infecting a guest host. Depending on the serotype of the infected host, Salmonella can induce various diseases, gastroenteritis type, and systemic infection, through the asymptomatic carriage (Youssef et al 2017). Fowl typhoid (FT) caused by ., Salmonella enterica enterica subsp. serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum (Gallinarum) is a severe systemic disease, Salmonella producing high mortality rates (up to 90%) in poultry birds of all ages, thus causing heavy economic loss (Kumari et al ., 2013; Lawal et al 2015). ., Chickens are the natural hosts for. Gallinarum. However, S in natural outbreaks, FT has been discovered in turkeys, guinea-fowl, quail, pheasants, ring-necked doves, ostriches, peafowl, sparrows and parrots (Shivaprasad, 2000). The susceptibility of ducks, geese and pigeons to. S Gallinarum varies, but all of these birds generally appear to be resistant (Kang et al 2012). A greater percentage of ., females appear to remain as reactors, probably due to the sequestered nature of localised infection of the ovarian follicles. Gallinarum could be cultured for up Salmonella to 121 days from the faeces of experimentally infected rats (Badi et al 1992). ., Salmonella Gallinarum rarely cause clinical cases in people. Self-limiting enteritis is thought to be the most
This study investigated the effects of different processing methods of Delonix regia seeds on amino acids composition of experimental diets. Ten isonitrogenous diets (40% crude protein) were formulated with cooked, raw and fermented Delonix regia seeds at 0% (Control), 10%, 20% and 30% inclusion levels respectively. Data were analysed using Analysis of Variance, significant differences in means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test. All the essential amino acids (lysine, arginine, threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine) differs significantly among the treatments except histidine which was statistically similar (P > 0.05) across the dietary treatments. The activity of essential and non- essential amino acid concentration was higher in cooked than the fermented and raw Delonix regia seeds. It was concluded that cooked Delonix regia seeds at 10% inclusion levels had the highest activities of essential and non-essential amino acids and could be used to supplement conventional feedstuff for livestock especially in fish nutrition and bioenergetics.
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