Federal plant introduction—A review

Hodge, W. H.; Erlanson, Carl O.

doi:10.1007/bf02859763

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…For example, US President John Quincy Adams (1767–1848) requested all US consuls to forward rare seeds to Washington for distribution (Hodge & Erlanson, ). In 1839, the US Congress appropriated $1000 for the handling and distribution of seeds of introduced alien plants, and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) created in 1898 the Office of Foreign Plant Introductions with the aim of building up new plant industries (Fairchild, ; Hodge & Erlanson, ). Until the end of World War II, the USDA office introduced approximately 250,000 accessions (i.e.…”

Section: The History Of Ornamental Horticulture and Implications For mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Until the end of World War II, the USDA office introduced approximately 250,000 accessions (i.e. species and varieties combined), and coordinated the initial propagation, testing and distribution of the plants (Hodge & Erlanson, ). Most of these plants were introduced for agricultural purposes, but they also included species for ornamental horticulture (Fairchild, ; Dorsett, ).…”

Section: The History Of Ornamental Horticulture and Implications For mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The changing role of ornamental horticulture in alien plant invasions

et al. 2018

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The number of alien plants escaping from cultivation into native ecosystems is increasing steadily. We provide an overview of the historical, contemporary and potential future roles of ornamental horticulture in plant invasions. We show that currently at least 75% and 93% of the global naturalised alien flora is grown in domestic and botanical gardens, respectively. Species grown in gardens also have a larger naturalised range than those that are not. After the Middle Ages, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries, a global trade network in plants emerged. Since then, cultivated alien species also started to appear in the wild more frequently than non-cultivated aliens globally, particularly during the 19th century. Horticulture still plays a prominent role in current plant introduction, and the monetary value of live-plant imports in different parts of the world is steadily increasing. Historically, botanical gardens - an important component of horticulture - played a major role in displaying, cultivating and distributing new plant discoveries. While the role of botanical gardens in the horticultural supply chain has declined, they are still a significant link, with one-third of institutions involved in retail-plant sales and horticultural research. However, botanical gardens have also become more dependent on commercial nurseries as plant sources, particularly in North America. Plants selected for ornamental purposes are not a random selection of the global flora, and some of the plant characteristics promoted through horticulture, such as fast growth, also promote invasion. Efforts to breed non-invasive plant cultivars are still rare. Socio-economical, technological, and environmental changes will lead to novel patterns of plant introductions and invasion opportunities for the species that are already cultivated. We describe the role that horticulture could play in mediating these changes. We identify current research challenges, and call for more research efforts on the past and current role of horticulture in plant invasions. This is required to develop science-based regulatory frameworks to prevent further plant invasions.

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Section: The History Of Ornamental Horticulture and Implications For mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The History Of Ornamental Horticulture and Implications For mentioning

confidence: 99%

The changing role of ornamental horticulture in alien plant invasions

et al. 2018

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“…Currently all introductions are still systematically catalogued with PI (Plant Introduction) numbers and basic passport data (collector, source of seed, scientific name of plant, etc.) when entering the U.S. 49 The high budget lines for plant introduction began to decrease in the 1920s and the plant breeding establishment became the guardian and trustee of the nation's genetic resources with the formation of the small grains collection and other group specific breeder collections. The emphasis had shifted from the introduction of new crops and varieties to the improvement in the varieties and cultivation practices of the crops which were the most successful.…”

Section: Crc Critical Reviews In Plant Sciencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first recorded plant introduction (PI #1) is a Russian cabbage by N. Hansen 1898. 49 Many of these introductions went directly to experiment stations to be incorporated in ongoing projects. For example, Hansen's fruit collections -apples, crabapples, pears, and small fruit -are still being maintained at the Experimental Station at Brookings, S.D.…”

Section: B the Current Federal Germplasm Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current status of crop plant germplasm

Wilkes

Williams

1983

Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences

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“…Despite the intensive search by plant breeders for the wild relatives of crops, knowledge of the distribution and the ecology of these wild species is surprisingly incomplete. We do know, however, that few major crops originated in temperate North America (Hodge and Erlanson 1956). Many crop species, exemplified by rice, tomato, and rubber, arose in tropical or subtropical areas where they often are cultivated in fields adjacent to their wild relatives (Harlan 1975).…”

Section: Gene Stability and Transfermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Planned Introduction of Genetically Engineered Organisms: Ecological Considerations and Recommendations

Tiedje¹,

Colwell²,

Grossman³

et al. 1989

Ecology

576

260

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The ecological and evolutionary aspects of planned introductions of transgenic organisms into the environment are considered in this report. The authors support the timely development of environmentally sound products, such as improved agricultural varieties, fertilizers, pest control agents, and microorganisms for waste treatment, through the use of advanced biotechnology within the context of a scientifically based regulatory policy that encourages innovation without compromising sound environmental management. Economic, social, and ethical concerns also must be weighed along with strictly ecological and evolutionary considerations, but these other issues are beyond the scope of this report. Ecological oversight of planned introductions should be directed at promoting effectiveness while guarding against potential problems. The diversity of organisms that will be modified, functions that will be engineered, and environments that will receive altered organisms makes ecological risk evaluation complex. While we cannot now recommend the complete exemption of specific organisms or traits from regulatory oversight, we support and will continue to assist in the development of methods for scaling the level of oversight needed for individual cases according to objective, scientific criteria, with a goal of minimizing unnecessary regulatory burdens. In this report, we provide a preliminary set of specific criteria for the scaling of regulatory oversight. Genetically engineered organisms should be evaluated and regulated according to their biological properties (phenotypes), rather than according to the genetic techniques used to produce them. Nonetheless, because many novel combinations of properties can be achieved only by molecular and cellular techniques, products of these techniques may often be subjected to greater scrutiny than the products of traditional techniques. Although the capability to produce precise genetic alterations increases confidence that unintended changes in the genome have not occurred, precise genetic characterization does not ensure that all ecologically important aspects of the phenotype can be predicted for the environments into which an organism will be introduced. Many important scientific issues must be considered in evaluating the potential ecological consequences of the planned introduction of genetically engineered organisms into the environment. These include survival and reproduction of the introduced organism, interactions with other organisms in the environment, and effects of the introduced organism on ecosystem function. We encourage the use of small—scale field tests , when justified by previous laboratory and/or greenhouse studies, under conditions that minimize dispersal and under appropriate regulatory oversight. As the biotechnology industry develops, continuing regulatory oversight as well as long—term research and monitoring will be necessary for responsible risk management. Many engineered organisms will probably be less fit than the parent organism, although some importan...

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Federal plant introduction—A review

Cited by 20 publications

References 2 publications

The changing role of ornamental horticulture in alien plant invasions

The changing role of ornamental horticulture in alien plant invasions

Current status of crop plant germplasm

The Planned Introduction of Genetically Engineered Organisms: Ecological Considerations and Recommendations

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