Fecal Metabolomics of Type 2 Diabetic Rats and Treatment with Gardenia jasminoides Ellis Based on Mass Spectrometry Technique

Abstract

Modern studies have indicated Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (G. jasminoides) showed positive effect in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this study, 60 streptozotocin-induced T2DM rats were divided into four groups: type 2 diabetes control group, geniposide-treated group, total iridoid glycosides-treated group, and crude extraction of gardenlae fructus-treated group. The other ten healthy rats were the healthy control group. During 12 weeks of treatment, rat's feces samples were collected for the metabolomics study based on mass spectrometry technique. On the basis of the fecal metabolomics method, 19 potential biomarkers were screened and their relative intensities in each group were compared. The results revealed G. jasminoides mainly regulated dysfunctions in phenylalanine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, and secondary bile acid biosynthesis pathways induced by diabetes. The current study provides new insight for metabonomics methodology toward T2DM, and the results show that feces can preferably reflect the liver and intestines disorders.

An Integrated Fecal Microbiome and Metabolomics in T2DM Rats Reveal Antidiabetes Effects from Host-Microbial Metabolic Axis of EtOAc Extract from Sophora flavescens

“…It has previously been reported that the enhanced metabolism of branched amino acids and aromatic amino acids increased the risk of T2DM and obesities [26,27], which are positively correlated with insulin resistance (IR) and hyperglycemia [3,[28][29][30]. In our study, valine, leucine, and isoleucine metabolism; phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis; and phenylalanine metabolism showed overexpression in the model group according to metabolomics and PICRUSt analysis.…”

“…In several studies, it was revealed that increased sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) occurs to obese animals and humans, which can lead to IR and overexpression of sphingolipid (SL) metabolism [46]. The sphingolipid metabolism is altered in T2DM and relating to cell death [26]. However, our results obtained from metabolomics analysis were different from those published in some previous studies, which may be due to the following: first, it has been reported that the environment can influence SL levels [47], and most of the previously performed studies were carried out based on biological fluid and tissues, which is different from that used in our study.…”

Integrated biomarker for type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose based on metabolomics analysis using ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole‐Orbitrap high‐resolution accurate mass spectrometry

“…We defined an integrated biomarker (2‐acetolactate, 2‐hydroxy‐2,4‐pentadienoate, L‐arabinose and L‐glutamine) for diagnosing IFG and T2DM by evaluating 17 potential biomarkers with the biomarker model. Differential pathway analysis revealed that the progression of diabetes was mainly related to amino acid metabolism: the levels of L‐alanine, L‐arginine, L‐proline, L‐phenylalanine and 2‐hydroxy‐2,4‐pentadienoate were increased, which was consistent with other reports 29–31 …”

Treatment Mechanism of Gardeniae Fructus and Its Carbonized Product Against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Lesions in Rats

“…Nowadays, metabolomics are widely used to discriminate the profiles of chemical constituents and reveal the mechanism of action involved in herb processing. For example, metabolomics studies using reverse-phase liquid chromatography quadrupole-time of flight (RPLC-Q-TOF)/Mass Spectrometry (MS) to investigate chemical markers after processing of Radix aconite (Li et al, 2013), and the potential treatment mechanism of GF against type 2 diabetes in rats via targeted metabolome profiling and fecal metabolomics (Wang et al, 2017; Zhou et al, 2018). In this study, we initially used a rat model of ethanol-induced acute stomach ulcer treated with GF and GFC.…”