Fecal contamination of soil and water in sub-Saharan Africa cities: The case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Debela, Tamene Hailu; Beyene, Abebe; Tesfahun, Esubalew; Getaneh, Abiti; Gize, Addisu; Mekonnen, Zeleke

doi:10.1016/j.ecohyd.2017.10.003

Cited by 25 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Open defecation could contribute to feacal matter which can find its way into open water sources like wells or unprotected springs more so during rainy seasons. Our study findings are in agreement with a study done in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia which reported faecal/bacteriological contamination in various water sources including deep wells (Debela et al 2018 ). Additionally, the public tap stands in our study also had microbial contamination which is similar to the findings to a study conducted in Ghana that showed that public infrastructure had faecal matter due to broken systems (Dongzagla et al 2020 ; Prouty and Zhang 2016 ; Lagbas and Habito 2016 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Water quality of improved water sources and associated factors in Kibuku District, Eastern Uganda

Walekhwa

Ntaro

Kawungezi

et al. 2022

Sustain. Water Resour. Manag.

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Globally, billions of people still lack access to safe water, including basic drinking water services, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. We analyzed water quality for improved water sources and associated factors in Kibuku district, Eastern Uganda. The mixed-methods study employed included; water quality analysis, a questionnaire survey, and key informant interviews conducted in the months of April–June 2020. A total of 249 improved water sources were sampled for analysis of bacteriological quality, pH, and electrical conductivity. This was followed by a sanitary and people’s attitudes survey at all the water sources visited. Among the water sources, 62.3% deep boreholes, 63.5% public tap stands, 14.3% rain-water harvesting tanks, and 28.6% protected springs had zero thermotolerant coliforms with 63.8% having acceptable pH levels (6.5–8.5) and 35.3% having acidic levels (less than 6.4). Furthermore, 96.3% deep boreholes, 99.1% public tap stands, all (100%) rain-water harvesting tanks, and 50% protected springs had their turbidity levels in the acceptable range (less than 5NTUs). Additionally, only 22.1% of improved water sources had electrical conductivity in the acceptable range (less than 300 microSiemens). Among the 249 participants, majority (91.2%) had low knowledge levels about various methods that can be used in improving the quality of water. Generally, water sources had poor quality of water which was attributed to agricultural activities, dirty water collection containers, and poor attitude to water chlorination. The Ministry of Health, Ministry of Water and Environment, and other agencies need to design sustainable and feasible models for water treatment for low resourced setting.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Water quality of improved water sources and associated factors in Kibuku District, Eastern Uganda

Walekhwa

Ntaro

Kawungezi

et al. 2022

Sustain. Water Resour. Manag.

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“…Although many studies have demonstrated that drinking water in slums is often contaminated, most of these studies are cross-sectional (e.g. Chemuliti et al, 2002;Kimani-Murage and Ngindu, 2007;Muoki, Tumuti and Rombo, 2008;Opisa et al, 2012;Subbaraman et al, 2013;Blanton et al, 2015;K'oreje et al, 2016;Debela et al, 2018), which provide only a "snapshot" of water quality that does not reflect the temporal dynamics of risk resulting from the numerous factors shaping access, use, and decision making in urban slums (Figure 3). Our higher temporal resolution water access and quality monitoring approach proposed here will help us better understand the complex relationship between drinking water and health in slums, which will enable the design of more effective health interventions.…”

Section: Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The difference a day can make: The temporal dynamics of drinking water access and quality in urban slums

Price

Adams

2019

Science of The Total Environment

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In urban slumshome to approximately 1 billion people worldwide-access to clean drinking water is woefully inadequate despite the United Nations' declaration that access to safe water is a fundamental human right. Households in slums are frequently forced to rely on multiple drinking water sources to meet their needs. Numerous factors influence choice of water source, including water quality, availability, reliability, and affordability. These factors are not temporally static, but rather will vary over multiple timescales (from sub-daily changes to annual changes and beyond) in response to changes in the water source itself and changes in the household's ability to use that source. For example, the cost of water can change over time in response to water availability (e.g. rainy season versus dry season) and a slum household's ability to pay for water will often change over time in response to changes in household income. However, existing national and global monitoring of safe water access, including Sustainable Development Goal 6, overlook these temporal dynamics of water access, quality and health risk in slums. This paper proposes a research agenda for exploring temporal changes in drinking water access and quality in urban slums and their potential influence on health risk. It argues that in the design of research studies, policy interventions, and drinking water monitoring aimed at improving access and health in urban slums, temporal dynamics 2 should be considered over at least three interlinked time scales: short-term (from sub-daily to week-to-week), medium-term (from month-to-month to season-toseason) and long-term (from year-to-year). The paper concludes with recommendations for future research on temporal dynamics of drinking water and health in slums.

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“…Poor sanitation is a serious public health issue that has been related to several undesirable health outcomes, including diarrheal diseases and trachoma [ 6 ]. The practice of open defecation (OD) aids in the transmission of microorganisms that cause diarrheal diseases [ 7 ], with children being the most vulnerable [ 8 ]. A study showed that the prevalence of diarrhea was four times higher among OD practice communities as compared to OD-free areas [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Open defecation practice and its determinants among households in sub-Saharan Africa: pooled prevalence and multilevel analysis of 33 sub-Saharan Africa countries demographic and health survey

et al. 2022

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Background Open defecation facilitates the transmission of pathogens that cause diarrheal diseases, which is the second leading contributor to the global burden of disease. It also exposed hundreds of millions of girls and women around the world to increased sexual exploitation. Open defecation is more practice in sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries and is considered an indicator of low socioeconomic status. However, there is little evidence on the pooled prevalence and factors contributing to open defecation practice among households in SSA. Objectives This study aimed to assess the pooled prevalence, wealth-related inequalities, and other determinants of open defecation practice among households in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods Demographic and Health Survey data sets of 33 SSA countries with a total sample of 452,281 households were used for this study. Data were weighted, cleaned, and analyzed using STATA 14 software. Meta analyses were used to determine the pooled prevalence of open defecation practice among households in SSA. Multilevel analysis was employed to identify factors contributing to open defecation practice among households in SSA. Moreover, concentration index and graph were used to assess wealth-related inequalities of open defecation practice. The associations between dependent and independent variables were presented using adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals with a p value of < 0.05. Results The pooled prevalence of open defecation practice among households in sub-Saharan African countries was 22.55% (95%CI: 17.49%, 27.61%) with I2 = 99.9% and ranges from 0.81% in Comoros to 72.75% in Niger. Individual level factors, such as age, educational attainment, media exposure, wealth status, and access to drinking water, as well community level factors, such as residence, country income status, and region in SSA, had a significant association with open defecation practice. The concentration index value [C = − 0.55; 95% CI: − 0.54, − 0.56] showed that open defecation practice was significantly disproportionately concentrated on the poor households (pro-poor distribution). Conclusions Open defecation practice remains a public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. Individual level factors, such as age, educational attainment, media exposure, household wealth status, and access to drinking water had an association with open defecation practice. Moreover, community level factors such as residence, country income status and region in SSA have a significant effect on open defecation. There is a significantly disproportional pro-poor distribution of open defecation practice in SSA. Each country should prioritize eliminating open defecation practices that focused poorest communities, rural societies, and limited water access areas. Media exposure and education should be strengthened. Moreover, public health interventions should target to narrow the poor-rich gap in the open defecation practice among households including provisions of subsidies to the poor. Policymakers and program planners better use this evidence as preliminary evidence to plan and decide accordingly.

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Fecal contamination of soil and water in sub-Saharan Africa cities: The case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Cited by 25 publications

References 6 publications

Water quality of improved water sources and associated factors in Kibuku District, Eastern Uganda

Water quality of improved water sources and associated factors in Kibuku District, Eastern Uganda

The difference a day can make: The temporal dynamics of drinking water access and quality in urban slums

Open defecation practice and its determinants among households in sub-Saharan Africa: pooled prevalence and multilevel analysis of 33 sub-Saharan Africa countries demographic and health survey

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