Fecal Antibodies to<i>Cryptosporidium parvum</i>in Healthy Volunteers

Dann, Sara M.; Okhuysen, Pablo C.; Salameh, Bassam M.; DuPont, Herbert L.; Chappell, Cynthia L.

doi:10.1128/iai.68.9.5068-5074.2000

Cited by 22 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…A previous study using oocysts as the antigen found that Cryptosporidium-specific fecal IgA antibody responses in human volunteers correlated significantly with the presence of active or recent infection. 74 There were several limitations to this study. The numbers of subjects in each group were small.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Cryptosporidiosis in HIV/AIDS Patients in Kenya: Clinical Features, Epidemiology, Molecular Characterization and Antibody Responses

Wanyiri¹,

Kanyi²,

Maina³

et al. 2014

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. We investigated the epidemiological and clinical features of cryptosporidiosis, the molecular characteristics of infecting species and serum antibody responses to three Cryptosporidium-specific antigens in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients in Kenya. Cryptosporidium was the most prevalent enteric pathogen and was identified in 56 of 164 (34%) of HIV/AIDS patients, including 25 of 70 (36%) with diarrhea and 31 of 94 (33%) without diarrhea. Diarrhea in patients exclusively infected with Cryptosporidium was significantly associated with the number of children per household, contact with animals, and water treatment. Cryptosporidium hominis was the most prevalent species and the most prevalent subtype family was Ib. Patients without diarrhea had significantly higher serum IgG levels to Chgp15, Chgp40 and Cp23, and higher fecal IgA levels to Chgp15 and Chgp40 than those with diarrhea suggesting that antibody responses to these antigens may be associated with protection from diarrhea and supporting further investigation of these antigens as vaccine candidates.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Cryptosporidiosis in HIV/AIDS Patients in Kenya: Clinical Features, Epidemiology, Molecular Characterization and Antibody Responses

Wanyiri¹,

Kanyi²,

Maina³

et al. 2014

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Antibodies have also been detected in fecal fluid, including from experimentally infected volunteers (Kapel et al 1993;Dann et al 2000). It was suggested that this might be more sensitive than detection of humoral antibody but this has been disputed ).…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a US national estimate of the risk of endemic waterborne disease – sero-epidemiologic studies

Casemore

2006

Journal of Water and Health

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Worldwide literature on serological methods and sero-surveys on waterborne pathogens has been reviewed. Outbreak investigation and research reports have also been examined to aid understanding of the serological response and transmission dynamics. The aim was to seek an estimate of seroprevalence and to determine if this could inform the US national estimate of risk for endemic waterborne infection associated with public water supplies. Antibody responses indicate infection, both symptomatic and asymptomatic, so probably give a truer indication of prevalence. Outbreak data can probably be regarded as the upper bound for seroprevalence estimations. Antibody is not necessarily protective per se but is a good indicator for at least partial resistance to symptomatic infection; absence of antibody will normally imply susceptibility.Pathogens transmitted by water are commonly transmitted by other routes. However, the fact that other transmission routes are more common does not detract from the potential protective effect of immunity when waterborne transmission occurs. Data indicate that seroprevalence varies widely, reflecting geographic, social and hygiene factors, but is generally greater where surface water sources are used rather than groundwater. Areas of low seroprevalence may expect a high attack rate in the event of contamination of their water supply.Key words | Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium, ELISA, endemic infection, E. coli 0157, Giardia, molecular studies, noroviruses, outbreaks, sero-epidemiology, seroprevalence, waterborne pathogens, western blot ABBREVIATIONS DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL ASPECTS OF IMMUNOLOGYEpidemiology, at its simplest, is the study of the occurrence (number and frequency) and distribution of cases by person This paper is in the public domain: verbatim copying and redistribution of this paper are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the paper's original DOI. Anyone using the paper is requested to properly cite and acknowledge the source as J. The outcome of the contamination of water supply and transmission to consumers depends on complex dynamics with various, usually ill characterised, factors-the organism, the exposed persons (and their levels of immunity) and the environment (Casemore 1994(Casemore , 1995Meinhardt et al. 1996).In order to better understand the natural history of waterborne infections and the complexities of the dynamics of transmission (see Figure 1), epidemiological investigations can be enhanced by serologic studies . The purpose of this paper concerns the national estimate of risk of endemic infection from water. However, reports on immunological studies and on the investigation of outbreaks are fundamental to the understanding of endemic infection and illness. In general terms, prevalence in outbreaks likely represents the upper boundary for endemic infection estimates.Sero-epidemiology is a form of study in which the demonstration of antibodies to the organism of interest is used as a surrogate or marker for the d...

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“…They remain present for several weeks (S. M. Dann, unpublished data). Fecal IgA was detected in the stools of adult volunteers up to 6 weeks after infection (17). Serum IgG, IgA, and IgM antibody responses are usually directed against soluble or membrane-associated sporozoite proteins (65,74); IgA reacts mostly to 17-kDa proteins (69,76), IgM reacts mostly to 27-kDa proteins, and IgG reacts mostly to 17-, 27-, and 15-kDa proteins (69).…”

Section: B Cells and Antibodiesmentioning

confidence: 99%