Features of the Skin Microbiota in Common Inflammatory Skin Diseases

Abstract

Many relatively common chronic inflammatory skin diseases manifest on the face (seborrheic dermatitis, rosacea, acne, perioral/periorificial dermatitis, periocular dermatitis, etc.), thereby significantly impairing patient appearance and quality of life. Given the yet unexplained pathogenesis and numerous factors involved, these diseases often present therapeutic challenges. The term “microbiome” comprises the totality of microorganisms (microbiota), their genomes, and environmental factors in a particular environment. Changes in human skin microbiota composition and/or functionality are believed to trigger immune dysregulation, and consequently an inflammatory response, thereby playing a potentially significant role in the clinical manifestations and treatment of these diseases. Although cultivation methods have traditionally been used in studies of bacterial microbiome species, a large number of bacterial strains cannot be grown in the laboratory. Since standard culture-dependent methods detect fewer than 1% of all bacterial species, a metagenomic approach could be used to detect bacteria that cannot be cultivated. The skin microbiome exhibits spatial distribution associated with the microenvironment (sebaceous, moist, and dry areas). However, although disturbance of the skin microbiome can lead to a number of pathological conditions and diseases, it is still not clear whether skin diseases result from change in the microbiome or cause such a change. Thus far, the skin microbiome has been studied in atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, acne, and rosacea. Studies on the possible association between changes in the microbiome and their association with skin diseases have improved the understanding of disease development, diagnostics, and therapeutics. The identification of the bacterial markers associated with particular inflammatory skin diseases would significantly accelerate the diagnostics and reduce treatment costs. Microbiota research and determination could facilitate the identification of potential causes of skin diseases that cannot be detected by simpler methods, thereby contributing to the design and development of more effective therapies.

Dysbiosis of nail microbiome in patients with psoriasis

“…We hypothesize the reason is that hyperkeratosis and nail thickening in NP increases oxygenation and thus provide an unfavourable environment for the growth of anaerobic bacteria. Until present, heterogeneity exists between studies assessing the skin microbiome of psoriatic patients, especially the changing trend in the relative abundance of specific bacteria such as Staphylococcus 24–26 . These discrepancies may be due to differences in study population, sampling method, sequencing techniques and analysis method 25,27 .…”

“…Further studies are needed to determine the dysbiosis pattern of NP at different stages and its underlying molecular Staphylococcus. [24][25][26] These discrepancies may be due to differences in study population, sampling method, sequencing techniques and analysis method. 25,27 The choice of primers and sequencing targets is the main points of attention in skin microbiome design, and it has strong impact on study results.…”

Advances in Microbiome-Derived Solutions and Methodologies Are Founding a New Era in Skin Health and Care

“…[88, [91][92][93][94] The features of the skin microbiome in common inflammatory skin diseases have been reviewed earlier [95]. Dysbiosis of the Microbiome is observed in many skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis, acne, seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff (increased amount of Malassezia), vitiligo (decrease in microbial diversity and increase in the proportion of Firmicutes in the lesions) [74].…”

“…However, no clear conclusion is established that connects the Microbiome diversity to the disease status. Different studies show that there is either an increase or a decrease or no change in the microbiome diversity [95]. Nevertheless, there is evidence that shows a higher S. aureus and a lower S. epidermis abundance in psoriatic lesions [119,120].…”

Skin Microbiota Content in Children and its Effect on Acne Pathogenesis

“…Соотношение бактерий различается в зависимости от возраста, участка тела, а также микроокружения [6]. В области кожи с большим количеством сальных желез (лоб, ретроаурикулярная область, спина и крылья носа) преобладают пропионобактерии, поскольку они могут выжить в анаэробных условиях [7], на влажной коже (например, в подмышечных впадинах, паховой области, подколенной ямке) -стафилококки и коринебактерии, на сухой коже -грамотрицательные бактерии [8]. На всех участках тела наиболее распространены Malassezia spp.…”