Feature Maps of the Acoustic Spectrum of the Voice

Pabon, Peter; Ternström, Sten

doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2018.08.014

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Fundamental frequencies for this investigation were chosen to be 125, 250, 375, 500, 625, 750, 875, and 1000 Hz, covering much of the range of human male and female vocalization (Pabon & Ternström, 2018;Pabon, Ternström, & Lamarche, 2011). The range of f o values was chosen because it placed the important harmonics (up to the 12th) in the range of the 3rd octave band frequencies in Equation 1, allowing all the coefficients in Equations (3)-(5) to be interpolated for the harmonic frequencies.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data from human subjects were analyzed retrospectively from recent publications of the VRP by Pabon and Ternström (2018). Spectra were made available for points (SPLf o cells) along the softest and loudest boundary productions in both modal register and falsetto register.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given the above calculated sensitivity of loudness to the manner in which SPL variations are produced, the question arises as to how a loudness VRP differs from an SPL-VRP. A monumental work on the spectral content associated with every data point on the VRP has recently been published, not only on the perimeter (loudest and softest) but also for many points inside the VRP (Pabon, 2018;Pabon & Ternström, 2018). We were given permission to access Pabon's database retrospectively.…”

Section: A Loudness Range Profile For Vocalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vocal Loudness Variation With Spectral Slope

Titze

Palaparthi

2020

J Speech Lang Hear Res

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Objective This investigation addresses the loudness variations in sones achievable with spectral slope variations (higher harmonic energy) in human vocalization and compares it to the sound pressure level (SPL) variations typically reported in the voice range profile (VRP). Method The primary methodology was computational. The ISO standard 226 was used to convert SPL values to sones for a 125- to 1000-Hz range of fundamental frequency and a –3 dB/octave to –12 dB/octave range of spectral slope. In addition, a retrospective analysis of human subjects' VRPs was conducted, and the experimental results were compared to the theoretical results. Results A very small range of SPL variation (less than 5 dB) in the VRP can produce a large range of loudness. The sensitivity can be on the order of 4 sones per dB SPL change. Conclusion For vocalization in the modal register, loudness variation is not well described by SPL change in dB, especially at high fundamental frequencies where the SPL range in the VRP becomes very small but sizeable loudness variations are still possible.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Loudness Range Profile For Vocalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vocal Loudness Variation With Spectral Slope

Titze

Palaparthi

2020

J Speech Lang Hear Res

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“…However, direct intersubject comparisons of any given voice metric would be precarious to interpret. This more general notion has repeatedly been articulated by Pabon 35,37 ; and it has profound implications for how we assess voices by measurements. To complicate matters further, although the present method of mapping the results onto the f o -SPL plane helps to account for variations due to f o and SPL, the temporal relationships, if any, are lost.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Effects of the Lung Volume on the Electroglottographic Waveform in Trained Female Singers

2020

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Objectives. To determine if in singing there is an effect of lung volume on the electroglottographic waveform, and if so, how it varies over the voice range. Study design. Eight trained female singers sang the tune "Fr ere Jacques" in 18 conditions: three phonetic contexts, three dynamic levels, and high or low lung volume. Conditions were randomized and replicated. Methods. The audio and EGG signals were recorded in synchrony with signals tracking respiration and vertical larynx position. The first 10 Fourier descriptors of every EGG cycle were computed. These spectral data were clustered statistically, and the clusters were mapped by color into a voice range profile display, thus visualizing the EGG waveform changes under the influence of f o and SPL. The rank correlations and effect sizes of the relationships between relative lung volume and several adduction-related EGG wave shape metrics were similarly rendered on a color scale, in voice range profile-style ʻvoice maps.ʼ Results. In most subjects, EGG waveforms varied considerably over the voice range. Within subjects, reproducibility was high, not only across the replications, but also across the phonetic contexts. The EGG waveforms were quite individual, as was the nature of the EGG shape variation across the range. EGG metrics were significantly correlated to changes in lung volume, in parts of the range of the song, and in most subjects. However, the effect sizes of the relative lung volume were generally much smaller than the effects of f o and SPL, and the relationships always varied, even changing polarity from one part of the range to another. Conclusions. Most subjects exhibited small, reproducible effects of the relative lung volume on the EGG waveform. Some hypothesized influences of tracheal pull were seen, mostly at the lowest SPLs. The effects were however highly variable, both across the moderately wide f o -SPL range and across subjects. Different singers may be applying different techniques and compensatory behaviors with changing lung volume. The outcomes emphasize the importance of making observations over a substantial part of the voice range, and not only of phonations sustained at a few fundamental frequencies and sound levels.

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“…The glottal flow signals generated for this work cover the R d range [0.3, 2.7] [16], considering 49 logarithmically spaced values of R d (24 steps from 0.3 to 1 and 24 more steps from 1 to 2.7). Regarding F0, a pitch contour was extracted from a real sustained vowel lasting for 2 s. This curve was successively pitch-shifted from a F0 mean value of 75.6 Hz to 240 Hz in 81 steps of 0.25 semitones, thereby covering the male speech range [25]. For each possible combination of R d and F0 values, two glottal flow versions were obtained with and without aspiration noise.…”

Section: Voice Source Signalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glottal Source Contribution to Higher Order Modes in the Finite Element Synthesis of Vowels

et al. 2019

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Articulatory speech synthesis has long been based on one-dimensional (1D) approaches. They assume plane wave propagation within the vocal tract and disregard higher order modes that typically appear above 5 kHz. However, such modes may be relevant in obtaining a more natural voice, especially for phonation types with significant high frequency energy (HFE) content. This work studies the contribution of the glottal source at high frequencies in the 3D numerical synthesis of vowels. The spoken vocal range is explored using an LF (Liljencrants-Fant) model enhanced with aspiration noise and controlled by the R d glottal shape parameter. The vowels [A], [i], and [u] are generated with a finite element method (FEM) using realistic 3D vocal tract geometries obtained from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as simplified straight vocal tracts of a circular cross-sectional area. The symmetry of the latter prevents the onset of higher order modes. Thus, the comparison between realistic and simplified geometries enables us to analyse the influence of such modes. The simulations indicate that higher order modes may be perceptually relevant, particularly for tense phonations (lower R d values) and/or high fundamental frequency values, F0s. Conversely, vowels with a lax phonation and/or low F0s may result in inaudible HFE levels, especially if aspiration noise is not considered in the glottal source model.

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Feature Maps of the Acoustic Spectrum of the Voice

Cited by 19 publications

References 37 publications

Vocal Loudness Variation With Spectral Slope

Vocal Loudness Variation With Spectral Slope

Effects of the Lung Volume on the Electroglottographic Waveform in Trained Female Singers

Glottal Source Contribution to Higher Order Modes in the Finite Element Synthesis of Vowels

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