Feasibility of the use of poultry waste as polymer additives and implications for energy, cost and carbon

McGauran, Thomas; Dunne, Nicholas; Smyth, Beatrice; Cunningham, Eoin

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125948

Cited by 36 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Today, a growing tendency of waste and by-products usage in material production can be seen, e.g., polymers [31,32], composites [33][34][35][36][37], and even alloys [38]. This article aims to determine the properties of newly designed sports surfaces consisting of EPDM and SBR from recycling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety Comes First: Novel Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) and Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) Surfaces as a Response to Sport Injuries

et al. 2021

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An athlete’s performance depends not only on the shoes they wear but also on the surface used in sports facilities. In addition, it can significantly contribute to reducing injuries, which are easy to get during sports competitions. In the present study, we wanted to investigate whether recycled styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) could be used in the production of sports surfaces. For this purpose, we designed three different sports surfaces: (1) SBR covered with a thin EPDM spray layer on the top, (2) clean EPDM, and (3) bottom SBR layer with the top layer of EPDM. The test program of these surfaces included in its scope: shock absorption, vertical deformation, tensile strength, abrasion resistance, and slip resistance tests. Our research also involved the influence of the substrate under surface, temperature, and surface conditions. Presented results show that both materials, in the right proportions, can be used in the production of sports surfaces.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety Comes First: Novel Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) and Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) Surfaces as a Response to Sport Injuries

et al. 2021

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“…Many authors consider cellulose and its derivates (including NFs) as eco-friendly materials [ 39 , 40 ], which allows obtaining green composite materials [ 41 , 42 , 43 ]. Some authors have also proposed the use of animal fibers, such as silk or feathers, as reinforcement of polymeric matrices [ 44 , 45 ]. However, NF show a poor compatibility with most polymer matrices, and several treatments are proposed to increase the affinity between both materials; the impact of such treatments may be considered when assessing the overall sustainability of the composite.…”

Section: Polymer Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are Natural-Based Composites Sustainable?

et al. 2021

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This paper assesses the aspects related to sustainability of polymer composites, focusing on the two main components of a composite, the matrix and the reinforcement/filler. Most studies analyzed deals with the assessment of the composite performance, but not much attention has been paid to the life cycle assessment (LCA), biodegradation or recyclability of these materials, even in those papers containing the terms “sustainable” (or its derivate words), “green” or “eco”. Many papers claim about the sustainable or renewable character of natural fiber composites, although, again, analysis about recyclability, biodegradation or carbon footprint determination of these materials have not been studied in detail. More studies focusing on the assessment of these composites are needed in order to clarify their potential environmental benefits when compared to other types of composites, which include compounds not obtained from biological resources. LCA methodology has only been applied to some case studies, finding enhanced environmental behavior for natural fiber composites when compared to synthetic ones, also showing the potential benefits of using recycled carbon or glass fibers. Biodegradable composites are considered of lesser interest to recyclable ones, as they allow for a higher profitability of the resources. Finally, it is interesting to highlight the enormous potential of waste as raw material for composite production, both for the matrix and the filler/reinforcement; these have two main benefits: no resources are used for their growth (in the case of biological materials), and fewer residues need to be disposed.

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“…The production and use of bio-based plastics may be a potentially safer alternative to petroleum-based plastics, whilst also helping to reduce the dependency of plastics on non-renewable fossil fuels, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the pressure on landfills from plastic waste, reduce food waste and food chemical contamination ( Mohan, 2011 ; Álvarez-Chávez et al, 2012 ; Peelman et al, 2013 ; Nakajima et al, 2017 ; Guillard et al, 2018 ; Firoozi et al, 2021 ; McGauran et al, 2021 ). Although bioplastics are currently assumed to be safe, there is little research investigating their environmental, health and safety impacts throughout their life cycles ( Álvarez-Chávez et al, 2012 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using in vitro bioassays to guide the development of safer bio-based polymers for use in food packaging

Harper

Cunningham²,

Connolly³

2022

Front. Toxicol.

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Petroleum-based polymers traditionally used for plastic packaging production have been shown to leach dangerous chemicals such as bisphenol-A (BPA). Bio-based polymers are potentially safer alternatives, and many can be sustainably sourced from waste streams in the food industry. This study assesses bio-based polymers undergoing food packaging development for migration of endocrine disrupting leachates at the level of estrogen, androgen and progestagen nuclear receptor transcriptional activity. Reporter gene assays were coupled with migration testing, performed using standardised test conditions for storage and temperature. Test samples include nine bio-based polymers and four inorganic waste additives mixed with a traditional petroleum-based polymer, polypropylene. Thermoplastic starch material, polybutylene succinate, polycaprolactone, polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), two polylactic acid (PLA)/PBAT blends, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and eggshell/polypropylene (10:90) presented no significant reduction in metabolic activity or hormonal activity under any test condition. Polypropylene (PP) presented no hormonal activity. Metabolic activity was reduced in the estrogen responsive cell line after 10 days migration testing of eggshell/polypropylene (0.1:99.9) in MeOH at 40°C, and PP in MeOH and dH20. Estrogenic agonist activity was observed after 10 days in poultry litter ash/polypropylene (10:90) in MeOH at 20°C and 40°C, poultry feather based polymer in MeOH and dH2O at 40°C, and eggshell/polypropylene (40:60) and PLA in dH2O at 40°C. Activity was within a range of 0.26–0.50 ng 17β-estradiol equivalents per ml, equating to an estrogenic potency of 3–∼2800 times less than the estrogenic leachate BPA. Poultry litter ash/polypropylene (10:90) in MeOH for 10 days presented estrogenic activity at 20°C and 40°C within the above range and anti-androgenic activity at 40°C. Progestagenic activity was not observed for any of the compounds under any test condition. Interestingly, lower concentrations of eggshell or PP may eliminate eggshell estrogenicity and PP toxicity. Alternatively eggshell may bind and eliminate the toxic elements of PP. Similarly, PLA estrogenic activity was removed in both PLA/PBAT blends. This study demonstrates the benefits of bioassay guidance in the development of safer and sustainable packaging alternatives to petroleum-based plastics. Manipulating the types of additives and their formulations alongside toxicological testing may further improve safety aspects.

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Feasibility of the use of poultry waste as polymer additives and implications for energy, cost and carbon

Cited by 36 publications

References 41 publications

Safety Comes First: Novel Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) and Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) Surfaces as a Response to Sport Injuries

Safety Comes First: Novel Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) and Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) Surfaces as a Response to Sport Injuries

Are Natural-Based Composites Sustainable?

Using in vitro bioassays to guide the development of safer bio-based polymers for use in food packaging

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