Feasibility of agricultural utilization of river sludge as a planting substrate following treatment with polyacrylamide

Research on the toxic effects of polyacrylamide and cadmium on plants during soil utilization of municipal sludge

“…While Xiao et al pointed out that the peroxidation of membrane lipid caused cell wall damage and made the membrane more permeable to pollutants (Xiao et al, 2022). Wang et al also proved that Cd stress destroyed many organelles including mitochondria and nuclei in plant roots and pointed out that root cell wall and vesicle were the two limiting sites for plant accumulation of Cd, and at low Cd concentrations, Cd toxicity is mitigated by thickening the cell wall, and at high Cd concentrations, Cd was accumulated in the vesicles, where it detoxified the plant through organic acids, alkaloids, and proteins in the vesicles (Wang, Liu, et al, 2022). This can be explained for the accumulation of black material appearing in vesicles and cell walls in the ultrastructure of root cells.…”

“…However, it should be noted that too much PAM can inhibit plant growth. Wang et al pointed out that when the content of PAM was too large, the molecules combined with each other to form larger groups, which will block the sludge pores when watering and reduce the rate of water infiltration (Wang, Liu, et al, 2022). It can also cause soil crusting, reduce soil permeability, and affect plant growth.…”