Fe2O3 nanoparticles induced biochemical responses and expression of genes involved in rosmarinic acid biosynthesis pathway in Moldavian balm under salinity stress
Abstract:The effect of iron oxide nanoparticle (NP) at four concentrations (0, 30, 60 and 90 ppm) and salinity at three levels (0, 50 and 100 mM) were investigated on rosmarinic acid (RA) production in 5‐week‐old Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) plants. Salinity and spraying iron oxide NPs significantly affected tyrosine (Tyr), phenylalanine (Phe) and proline (Pro) amino acids content, Phenylalanine Ammonia‐Lyase (PAL), Tyrosine Aminotransferase (TAT) and Rosmarinic Acid Synthase (RAS) genes expression level… Show more
“…Enzymes such as CAT, APX, and POD containing iron groups participate in plant metabolism by neutralizing hydrogen peroxide [ 89 ]. In agreement with the current work, earlier studies also reported an increase in secondary metabolites and anti-oxidant enzymatic activities after treatment with IONPs, such as the Citrus-maxima plant [ 90 ], Hyoscyamus reticulatus [ 91 ], Dracocephalum kotschyi [ 82 ], Oenothera biennis [ 92 ], and Dracocephalum moldavica [ 81 ]. Fig.12 Effect of various concentrations of IONPs on antioxidant defense enzymes: APX ( A ), GPX ( B ) and POD ( C ) in the roots and shoots of tomato plants infected with Fusarium oxysporum under pot condition.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 92%
“…Avio et al reported that increased phenolic content in lettuce infected with Rhizoglomus irregulare was positively associated with anti-oxidant enzyme activities [ 80 ]. Increased phenolic compounds were also detected in the Molvadian balm under salinity stress, upon application of IONPs [ 81 ]. Nourozi et al .…”
Background
Changing climate enhances the survival of pests and pathogens, which eventually affects crop yield and reduces its economic value. Novel approaches should be employed to ensure sustainable food security. Nano-based agri-chemicals provide a distinctive mechanism to increase productivity and manage phytopathogens, with minimal environmental distress. In vitro and in greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the potential of green-synthesized iron-oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) in suppressing wilt infection caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycospersici, and improving tomato growth (Solanum lycopersicum) and fruit quality.
Results
Various microwave powers (100–1000 W) were used to modulate the properties of the green-synthesized IONPs, using spinach as a starting material. The IONPs stabilized with black coffee extract were substantively characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, dielectric and impedance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, respectively), and magnetization analysis. XRD revealed a cubic magnetite (Fe3O4) phase with super-paramagnetic nature, detected at all microwave powers. The binding energies of Fe 2p3/2 (710.9 eV) and Fe 2p1/2 (724.5 eV) of Fe3O4 NPs were confirmed using XPS analysis at a microwave power of 1000 W. Uniform, spherical/cubical-shaped particles with an average diameter of 4 nm were confirmed using SEM and TEM analysis. A significant reduction in mycelial growth and spore germination was observed upon exposure to different IONP treatments. Malformed mycelium, DNA fragmentation, alternation in the cell membrane, and ROS production in F. oxysporum indicated the anti-microbial potential of the IONPs. The particles were applied both through the root (before transplantation) and by means of foliar application (after two weeks) to the infected seedlings. IONPs significantly reduced disease severity by an average of 47.8%, resulting in increased plant growth variables after exposure to 12.5 µg/mL of IONPs. Analysis of photosynthetic pigments, phenolic compounds, and anti-oxidant enzymes in the roots and shoots showed an increasing trend after exposure to various concentrations of IONPs. Correspondingly, lycopene, vitamin C, total flavonoids, and protein content were substantially improved in tomato fruits after treatment with IONPs.
Conclusion
The findings of the current investigation suggested that the synthesized IONPs display anti-fungal and nutritional properties that can help to manage Fusarium wilt disease, resulting in enhanced plant growth and fruit quality.
Graphical Abstract
“…Enzymes such as CAT, APX, and POD containing iron groups participate in plant metabolism by neutralizing hydrogen peroxide [ 89 ]. In agreement with the current work, earlier studies also reported an increase in secondary metabolites and anti-oxidant enzymatic activities after treatment with IONPs, such as the Citrus-maxima plant [ 90 ], Hyoscyamus reticulatus [ 91 ], Dracocephalum kotschyi [ 82 ], Oenothera biennis [ 92 ], and Dracocephalum moldavica [ 81 ]. Fig.12 Effect of various concentrations of IONPs on antioxidant defense enzymes: APX ( A ), GPX ( B ) and POD ( C ) in the roots and shoots of tomato plants infected with Fusarium oxysporum under pot condition.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 92%
“…Avio et al reported that increased phenolic content in lettuce infected with Rhizoglomus irregulare was positively associated with anti-oxidant enzyme activities [ 80 ]. Increased phenolic compounds were also detected in the Molvadian balm under salinity stress, upon application of IONPs [ 81 ]. Nourozi et al .…”
Background
Changing climate enhances the survival of pests and pathogens, which eventually affects crop yield and reduces its economic value. Novel approaches should be employed to ensure sustainable food security. Nano-based agri-chemicals provide a distinctive mechanism to increase productivity and manage phytopathogens, with minimal environmental distress. In vitro and in greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the potential of green-synthesized iron-oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) in suppressing wilt infection caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycospersici, and improving tomato growth (Solanum lycopersicum) and fruit quality.
Results
Various microwave powers (100–1000 W) were used to modulate the properties of the green-synthesized IONPs, using spinach as a starting material. The IONPs stabilized with black coffee extract were substantively characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, dielectric and impedance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, respectively), and magnetization analysis. XRD revealed a cubic magnetite (Fe3O4) phase with super-paramagnetic nature, detected at all microwave powers. The binding energies of Fe 2p3/2 (710.9 eV) and Fe 2p1/2 (724.5 eV) of Fe3O4 NPs were confirmed using XPS analysis at a microwave power of 1000 W. Uniform, spherical/cubical-shaped particles with an average diameter of 4 nm were confirmed using SEM and TEM analysis. A significant reduction in mycelial growth and spore germination was observed upon exposure to different IONP treatments. Malformed mycelium, DNA fragmentation, alternation in the cell membrane, and ROS production in F. oxysporum indicated the anti-microbial potential of the IONPs. The particles were applied both through the root (before transplantation) and by means of foliar application (after two weeks) to the infected seedlings. IONPs significantly reduced disease severity by an average of 47.8%, resulting in increased plant growth variables after exposure to 12.5 µg/mL of IONPs. Analysis of photosynthetic pigments, phenolic compounds, and anti-oxidant enzymes in the roots and shoots showed an increasing trend after exposure to various concentrations of IONPs. Correspondingly, lycopene, vitamin C, total flavonoids, and protein content were substantially improved in tomato fruits after treatment with IONPs.
Conclusion
The findings of the current investigation suggested that the synthesized IONPs display anti-fungal and nutritional properties that can help to manage Fusarium wilt disease, resulting in enhanced plant growth and fruit quality.
Graphical Abstract
“…De-vulcanization of waste tire rubber refers to a process of cleaving the polysul de bonds crosslinks of vulcanized rubbers [9,10]. After the devulcanization process not before, the waste rubber can react with new polymers forming new bonds [10][11][12]. Many studies have been done in this part, including de-vulcanization and blending with different percentages of new polymers to produce a new blend close to the new product in properties that can be used in different applications.…”
Cement kiln dust (CKD) is a residue produced during the manufacture of cement that contains hazardous solid waste of high toxicity that affects the environment and public health. In this study, the possibility of using cement waste as a filler in the plastic and rubber industry was studied. Different concentrations of (CKD) and gamma irradiation on the mechanical, thermal stability of the prepared composites sheets were investigated. Different concentrations of (CKD) 10, 15, 20, 30, 35, and 40 wt % were prepared with double screw extrusion by mixing waste polyethylene (WPE), de-vulcanized rubber (DWR), and EPDM rubber. These prepared composites were irradiated with doses 25, 50, 75, 100, and 150 kGy to study the effect of radiation on the physical, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of the prepared composite sheets. The prepared composite sheets were characterized and verified by FTIR and soluble fractions. The morphology of the composite sheets was investigated by SEM. Mechanical and thermal properties were investigated to evaluate the possibility of its application in the plastic and rubber industry.
“…Several reports revealed that nanomaterials meliorate the growth, biochemical reactions, and nutrient use e ciency of plants under salinity and even normal conditions. The compounds have immense roles in photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and lipids metabolism under normal and particularly stressful environments [11,12]. Nano-elements could link to the active biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and sub-cellular structures capable of protecting them from oxidative damage [11,12].…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The compounds have immense roles in photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and lipids metabolism under normal and particularly stressful environments [11,12]. Nano-elements could link to the active biomolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and sub-cellular structures capable of protecting them from oxidative damage [11,12]. Foliar treatment of Momordica charantia with chitosan-selenium nanoparticles resulted in the increased K + content, proline content, and antioxidant enzymes activity under salinity conditions [13].…”
Background: The secondary metabolites from savory species are widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries. Salt accumulation in the growing medium adversely affects the growth and yield of plants. The hyper-availability of Na+ and Cl- triggers nutrient imbalances, leading to secondary ionic stress. Under salinity exposure, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) over-generation drives oxidative stress in cells. Moreover, when facing environmental stress factors; the availability of essential nutrients and especially micro-elements strongly declines. Foliar application of micro-nutrients principally as nano-form is a promising strategy in meeting the nutritional demands of plants under stress environments with progressive nutrient shortages. Nano-materials and the supply of nutrients as foliar treatments meliorate the growth, biochemical reactions, and nutrient use efficiency of plants under salinity. The idea with the present experiment was to assay the effects of nano-Fe (magnetized-Fe) and selenium foliar application on the growth and some physiological responses of two Satureja species under saline-sodic conditions.Results: When studying the foliar application of Se and nano-Fe (0 and 3 mg L-1) on Satureja mutica and Satureia spicigera via two separate experiments, under normal no-saline conditions; the highest catalase activity was recorded in magnetized-Fe treated plants in both species. Independent effects of foliar application and plant species influenced total phenolics and Mg content of leaves. Foliar sprays reduced MDA content in plant tissue. In the second experiment, foliar applications were evaluated under salinity conditions. No-saline × Se and magnetized-Fe treated plants attained the highest data for aerial parts biomass in S. spicigera.Conclusion: The results demonstrated that salinity adversely influenced the growth and physiological responses, nevertheless, foliar spray with Se and magnetized-Fe partially ameliorated the salinity depression on Satureja species.
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