FBG Water-Level Transducer Based on PVC-Cantilever and Rubber-Diaphragm Structure

Vorathin, E.; Hafizi, Z. M.; Ismail, Norfarah Nadia; Loman, M.; Aizzuddin, A. M.; Lim, Kok-Sing; Ahmad, Harith

doi:10.1109/jsen.2019.2916469

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Low-pressure remote monitoring in industrial processes 0 -10 kPa 329.56 pm/kPa [196] Low-pressure remote monitoring in industrial processes 0 -15 kPa 116 pm/kPa [195] Leakage detection and pipelines corrosion monitoring 20 -150 kPa 16.67 pm/kPa [371] Liquid level, specific gravity, and medium pressure measurements 0 -276 kPa 13.14 pm/kPa [194] Static/dynamic pressure online monitoring in gas and liquid industries 0 -500 kPa 3.21 pm/kPa [192] High-pressure monitoring in oil and gas pipelines and exhaust abatement systems 0 -1,000 kPa 5.227 pm/kPa [200] High-pressure monitoring in oil and gas pipelines and exhaust abatement systems 0 -2,000 kPa 0.2583 pm/kPa [197] Ultimate pressure monitoring in oil, and chemical applications 0 -100,000 kPa 0.0797 pm/kPa [201] FBG Level Sensors Liquid-level monitoring in fuel storage and biochemical systems 0 -25 mm 6,000 pm/mm [372] Liquid-level monitoring in chemical industries 0 -500 mm 2.74 pm/mm [373] Liquid-level monitoring in chemical industries 0 -750 mm 5.72 pm/mm [374] Simultaneous level and specific gravity measurements in chemical industries 450 -780 mm 1.419 pm/mm [375] Simultaneous temperature and pressure online monitoring 0 -1,000 mm 2.484 pm/mm [376] Simultaneous temperature and pressure online monitoring 0 -1,000 mm 2.3 pm/mm [377] Simultaneous temperature and pressure online monitoring 0 -1,000 mm 6.39 pm/mm [378] Simultaneous temperature and pressure online monitoring 0 -2,000 mm 2.53 pm/mm [379] Liquid-level monitoring in extreme conditions and pressurized vessels 0 -10,000 mm 0.185 pm/mm [380] Liquid-level monitoring in extreme conditions and pressurized vessels 0 - Temperature-humidity-pressure (THP) online multi-sensing 0 -42 kPa 0.9 kHz/kPa [276] Online pressure monitoring in industrial piping networks 0 -300 kPa 0.137 kHz/kPa [280] Online pressure monitoring in industrial piping networks 100 -400 kPa 3.3 kHz/kPa [272] Online pressure monitoring in industrial piping networks 0 -480 kPa 0.258 kHz/kPa [388] High-pressure monitoring in pressurized vessels and extreme conditions 0 -1,723.69 kPa 0.01075 kHz/kPa [274] High-pressure monitoring in pressurized vessels and extreme conditions 0 -2,000 kPa 0.0605 kHz/kPa [277] Real-time downhole pressure monitoring in gas and oil exploration 0 -9,700 kPa 0.083 kHz/kPa …”

Section: Fbg Pressure Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strain Sensing Technology to Enable Next-Generation Industry and Smart Machines for the Factories of the Future: A Review

Hamed,

O’Donnell,

Lishchenko

et al. 2023

IEEE Sensors J.

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In the era of digitalization, there is a huge focus on capturing data from manufacturing processes and systems. Since the promotion of Industry 4.0, the industrial marketplace has been crowded with solution providers who excel in capturing and aggregating data on the cloud and presenting it on dashboards. From machine states to production targets, this type of data has become more readily available from tools, controllers, switches, and factory bus systems. As the industry pushes deeper into the machine for information and aspires to have smart machines that can feel and react to experiences during the manufacturing process, then more sophisticated technology is necessary. Strain sensor technology is a logical measurement principle to address this challenge for many industrial sectors. For researchers and industrialists to progress toward the smart machine agenda, there must be a firm grasp of the "technology-solution fit," i.e., what strain technology could provide the most appropriate solution. This paper presents a review of the state of the art in strain sensors that are foreseen as frontrunners to enable next-generation smart components and intelligent tools. The review focuses on industrial strain sensing technologies that are at a mature place on the technology readiness levels (TRLs) and present themselves as highly practical solutions for smart components and digitized machines, considering sensitivity, powered or passive, wired or wireless, and robustness. Through this review, researchers and industrialists will have a suite of solutions to move on with their innovative designs of smart machines based on embedded strain sensor technology.

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Section: Fbg Pressure Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strain Sensing Technology to Enable Next-Generation Industry and Smart Machines for the Factories of the Future: A Review

Hamed,

O’Donnell,

Lishchenko

et al. 2023

IEEE Sensors J.

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show abstract

“…For example, the MZI structure can be prepared on the fiber by the reverse taper process [ 20 ] and the OMC can be prepared by fusion and drawing of two traditional communication fibers [ 21 ], where the temperature sensitivity can reach 2.326 nm/°C. In terms of depth sensing, most of them operate by amplifying the external stress on the optical fiber; for example, pressure sensitization can be performed through structures such as diaphragms of different materials, cantilevers, and cylinders [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. The shipborne consumable temperature and depth sensor based on a beryllium bronze metal diaphragm has a sensitivity of 3.0047 nm/MPa under a pressure of 0–0.6 MPa [ 28 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Design of Ocean Temperature and Depth Sensor with Quick Response and High Sensitivity

Liu

Zhang

Zeng

et al. 2022

Sensors

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The electrical sensing elements used in the traditional XBT (Expendable Bathythermograph) have problems such as low sensitivity and slow response time, and it is difficult to overcome the complex marine environment using the time–depth formula. In this paper, an ocean temperature depth sensor based on brass diaphragm and liquid filling is designed. The stress response time of FBGs with different lengths and the heat transfer time of different liquid materials are compared, and it is found that a fast response of 51 ms can be obtained by using GaInSn liquid for temperature sensing. The center deflection changes of brass diaphragms with different radii are analyzed, and the brass diaphragms with radius and thickness of 10 mm and 1 mm are selected, which still have good elastic properties under the pressure of 5 MPa. The influence of the inner metal shell section radius on the temperature and depth sensitivity is analyzed. When the final section radius is 3 mm, the temperature sensitivity of the sensor is 1.065 nm/°C, the pressure sensitivity is 1.245 nm/MPa, and the response time of temperature and depth is relatively close. Compared with the traditional temperature and depth sensors using empirical formulas for calculation, the data accuracy is improved, and a wide range of sensitivity can be tuned by adjusting the size of the internal metal shell, which can meet the needs of ocean temperature and depth data detection with high sensitivity and fast response time.

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“…Its abilities to multiplex, immunity toward interferences, and withstand harsh environments make this sensor to be commercially developed as a smart system for structural monitoring. In general, FBG sensors use light as their signal carrier, which renders them immune to electromagnetic and electrostatic sources [7,8]. Over the years, FBG sensors have been successfully embedded inside the bolt shank for Abstract: Many attempts have been made by embedding a strain gauge sensor into the bolt shank to directly monitor the looseness of bolted structures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Fiber Bragg Grating-Based Gap Elongation Sensor for The Detection of Gap Elongation in Bolted Flange Connection

Adhreena¹,

Hafizi²,

Vorathin³

2022

IJIE

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Many attempts havebeen madeby embedding a strain gauge sensor into thebolt shank to directly monitor the looseness of bolted structures. This application is constrained by many factors,including massive cabling connection, shortcomings of this sensor in harsh conditions,and low efficiency forhigh temperature applications.Therefore, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensingtechnology isa good alternative to solve the problem. In this article, an FBG-based gap elongation sensor wasdeveloped by embedding the sensor into a Teflon tube and clampingon the metal base structure. Several tests were carried out to calibrate the strain-sensitive coefficient of the sensor and also to determine the stability, linearity, and repeatability of the sensor for gap strain measurement. The strain sensitivity of the sensor was determined by a standard tensile test,with the strain sensitivity values ranging from 0.4221 pm/με to 0.5245 pm/με. During the calibration test, the FBG sensors showed excellent linearity and repeatability of less than 0.1% and 5% errors, respectively. Theexperimental resultsdemonstrated a linear relationship between the applied force and the FBG sensorwavelength. Furthermore, the experimental resultsdemonstrated acceptable linearity and stabilityof the sensor when subjected to bending loadswith overall repeatability errorsof less than 10%. This proposed method provides an alternativeapproach to monitor bolted gapelongation andcharacterize bolt looseness.

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FBG Water-Level Transducer Based on PVC-Cantilever and Rubber-Diaphragm Structure

Cited by 9 publications

References 37 publications

Strain Sensing Technology to Enable Next-Generation Industry and Smart Machines for the Factories of the Future: A Review

Strain Sensing Technology to Enable Next-Generation Industry and Smart Machines for the Factories of the Future: A Review

Structural Design of Ocean Temperature and Depth Sensor with Quick Response and High Sensitivity

A Fiber Bragg Grating-Based Gap Elongation Sensor for The Detection of Gap Elongation in Bolted Flange Connection

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