Highly ordered TiO2 nanotube array prepared by a potentiostatic anodization shows a considerable potential for improving the transport of the photogenerated electrons in the TiO2 film, since the ordered architecture can provide a unidirectional electric channel and reduce the grain boundaries. Here, we report on the application of highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays with different lengths for the photoelectrocatalytic degradation of phenol. The lengths of the nanotube arrays can be controlled by the electrolyte media, anodization time, or both. The photoelectrocatalytic activity shows a dependence on the length of the nanotube arrays. Under 3.1 mW/cm2 irradiance of ultraviolet light, a short nanotube array shows better photoelectrocatalytic activity than a long nanotube array, which can be explained by the reduced recombination effects. When compared with a P25 TiO2 particulate film with similar thickness and geometric area, the nanotube array shows a stronger attachment to the parent titanium substrate and a better photoelectrocatalytic activity for phenol degradation owing to the improved electron transport and reduced charge recombination. This superior electron transport is further supported by the remarkably enhanced anodic photocurrent response in the degradation of phenol.

We report herein the preparation and UV-stimulated wettability conversion of superhydrophobic TiO2 surfaces, as well as the preparation of superhydrophilic−superhydrophobic patterns by use of UV irradiation through a photomask. A CF4 plasma was used to roughen smooth TiO2 sol−gel films to produce a nanocolumnar morphology, and subsequent hydrophobic modification with octadecylphosphonic acid (ODP) rendered the roughened surfaces superhydrophobic. The superhydrophobic properties of these surfaces were evaluated by both static and dynamic water contact angle (CA) measurements. It was found that the surface morphology of the TiO2 film, which was dependent on the etching time, has a great influence on the observed superhydrophobic properties. The nanocolumnar surface morphology exhibited large water CA and small contact angle hysteresis (CAH); this is discussed in terms of the Wenzel equation and the Cassie−Baxter equation. Under low-intensity UV illumination (1 mW cm-2), the superhydrophobic TiO2 surface underwent a gradual decrease of water CA and finally became superhydrophilic, due to photocatalytic decomposition of the ODP monolayer. Readsorption of ODP molecules led to the recovery of the superhydrophobic state. This UV-stimulated wettability conversion was employed to prepare superhydrophilic stripes (50 and 500 μm wide) on a superhydrophobic TiO2 surface. The pattern was able to guide water condensation, as well as the evaporation of a polystyrene microsphere suspension, due to the extremely large wettability contrast between superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic areas.

Highly ordered TiO2 nanotube array prepared by electrochemical anodization generates considerable interest as a practical air purifier, since a nanotube array can form a TiO2 film with a porous surface and straight gas diffusion channel, simultaneously reserving enough geometric thickness. Here, we reported on the application of highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays with different lengths for degradation of gaseous acetaldehyde pollutants in air. The results showed that increasing the lengths of nanotube arrays within a certain range could significantly improve the degradation rate of acetaldehyde molecules. The main product of acetaldehyde degradation was detected to be CO2, which indicated that the mineralization of acetaldehyde molecules was the major process in this photocatalytic reaction. When compared with a P25 TiO2 nanoparticulate film with similar thickness and geometric area, in the initial degradation of acetaldehyde, the nanotube array did not show obvious superiority. However, in the subsequent degradation, the nanotube array demonstrated an enhanced photocatalytic activity. It was suggested that this enhancement resulted from the special infrastructure of the nanotube array, which was favorable for the diffusion of intermediates and the reduced deactivation of photocatalyst in the photocatalytic reaction.

We report here the use of a layer-by-layer assembly technique to prepare novel TiO2 heterogeneous nanostructures in which anatase nanoparticles are assembled on rutile nanorods. The preparation includes assembling anatase nanoparticle multilayers on rutile nanorods via electrostatic deposition using poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) as a bridging or adhesion layer, followed by burning off the polymeric material via calcination. The composition of the heterogeneous nanostructures (i.e., the anatase-to-rutile ratio) can be tuned conveniently by controlling the experimental conditions of the layer-by-layer assembly. It was found that, with the optimum preparation conditions, the heterogeneous nanostructures showed better photocatalytic activity for decomposing gaseous acetaldehyde than either the original anatase nanoparticles or the rutile nanorods. This is discussed on the basis of the synergistic effect of the existence of both rutile and anatase in the heterogeneous nanostructure.

Dye-sensitized photovoltaic wires (DSPVWs) are developed using anodized Ti wires that contain ordered arrays of TiO2 nanotubes. The prototype DSPVW consists of N719 dye-adsorbed TiO2 nanotube arrays around a Ti wire as a working electrode, a platinum wire as a counter electrode, and an organic electrolyte encased in a capillary glass tube. The effect of length of nanotube arrays on the photovoltaic performance of DSPVWs is studied systematically. A solar-to-electric conversion efficiency of 2.78% is achieved with 55 microm long nanotubes under 98.3 mW/cm(2) AM 1.5 simulated full light. The prototype device is capable of achieving a long distance transport of photocurrent and harvesting all light from any direction in surroundings to generate electricity.

Superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic membranes based on hierarchical TiO2 nanotubes integrated the functions of oil–water separation, flow-through photocatalysis and self-cleaning.

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We describe here the growth of vertically oriented TiO2 nanotube arrays on Ti meshes by electrochemical anodization and their application as flexible electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSC). The dependence of physical features (i.e., diameter, wall thickness, and length) of TiO2 nanotube arrays on the anodization duration is systematically studied. Our results indicate that this type of flexible electrodes features transparency and high bend ability when subjected to external force. Varying the length of nanotube arrays has been demonstrated to critically influence the solar-to-electric conversion efficiency of DSCs. In combination with a low-volatility organic electrolyte and a rigid platinized conductive glass counter electrode, TiO2 nanotube arrays with an optimized length of 40 μm on a 50-mesh substrate achieve a conversion efficiency of 1.47% (calculated from the geometric area of Ti mesh) at 97.4 mW/cm2 AM 1.5 simulated full light. A lightweight flexible DSC is also fabricated using the same nanotube arrays combined with a flexible Pt/ITO/PET counter electrode, which generates a conversion efficiency of 1.23%.