“…Furthermore, several studies were also presented to deal with the faults in the air handling unit (AHU) [14e18] and sensors [19,20], respectively. At the same time, some advanced algorithms, such as transient pattern analysis [21], multi-step fuzzy model-based approach [14], general regression neural networks [15], and feedforward control scheme [22], etc. were also utilized to detect and diagnose the faults in the HVAC systems.…”