Fatty acids propyl esters: Synthesis optimization and application properties of their blends with diesel and 1-propanol

Gotovuša, Mia; Medić, Mihovil; Faraguna, Fabio; Sibalic, M; Konjević, Lucija; Vuković, Jelena Parlov; Racar, Marko

doi:10.1016/j.renene.2021.12.088

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Fatty acid propyl esters (FAPRE) are most commonly investigated as biofuel (biodiesel), either alone or in binary [24,25] or trinary blends [25] with mineral diesel used as fuel in diesel engines. When the propanol isomer (isopropanol) is used for their synthesis, a lot of research papers show that they also have a positive effect on the low-temperature properties of the biodiesel derived from different sources such as palm oil [26], soybean oil [27], or tallow [28,29].…”

Section: Fatty Acid Propyl Estersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over the years, the production of FAPRE has had many similarities to that of commercially available FAME or FAEE. From the chemical transesterification of vegetable oils (jojoba oil and sunflower oil) in the presence of alkaline catalysts (KOH [25], potassium methoxide [31]) to the alcoholysis of sunflower oil using immobilized lipase [32,33], and the application of supercritical 1-propanol in FAPRE production [34], researchers have seen a comparable potential in the application of propanol isomers in the fuel industry to the most commonly used alcohols methanol and ethanol.…”

Section: Fatty Acid Propyl Estersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Concerning the application of FAPRE as a fuel in diesel engines, it is important to discuss its application properties and compare them with those of commercially available biodiesel (FAME and/or FAEE) and diesel fuel standards. In their research, Gotovuša et al [25] investigated various application properties after synthesizing and purifying FAPRE and showed that FAPRE itself possessed a higher density (879.9 kg/m 3 ) and viscosity (5.705 mm 2 /s) than the maximum requirements of the standard EN 590 [38] (845 kg/m 3 and 4.5 mm 2 /s, respectively). The addition of FAPRE to mineral diesel in the amount of up to 10 vol% resulted in a slight increase in the blends' densities (up to 0.36%) and viscosities (up to 4.39%).…”

Section: Fatty Acid Propyl Estersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A higher WSD value indicates greater scarring of the component analysed with the fluid, suggesting the lower lubricating properties of the measured fuel. In the research of Silva et al [51], Gotovuša et al [25], and Sreeprasanth et al [79], the diameter of the wear scars of biodiesel produced from methanol, ethanol, propanol, isobutanol, and octanol was measured. The values obtained were: 310 µm for biodiesel produced from methanol, 171 µm from ethanol, 180 µm from propanol, 300 µm from isobutanol, and 180 µm from octanol.…”

Section: Comparative Property Analysis Of Different Faaementioning

confidence: 99%

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Biodiesel Produced from Propanol and Longer Chain Alcohols—Synthesis and Properties

et al. 2022

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Biodiesel has established itself as a renewable fuel that is used in transportation worldwide and is partially or in some cases completely replacing conventional fuels. Chemically, biodiesel is a fatty acid monoalkyl ester (FAAE). Generally, the term biodiesel refers to the fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters (FAME or FAEE). Herein, an overview of the research on the synthesis of FAAE in which the alkyl moiety is a C3+ alkyl chain (branched/unbranched) is given. In addition, a comparison of the properties of the aforementioned FAAE with each other, with FAME and FAEE, and with fuel standards is given. The length of the alkyl chain has a major influence on viscosity, while pour point temperatures are generally lower when branched alcohols are used, but the fatty acid part of the molecule also has a major influence. The development of new pathways for the synthesis of higher alcohols from biomass opens a future perspective for the production of long chain FAAE as biofuels, fuel additives, or biolubricants. Due to their properties, FAAEs produced from C3–C5 alcohols have the potential to be used as fuels, while all C3+ FAAEs can be used as valuable bioadditives, and C8+ FAAEs can be used as biolubricants and viscosity improvers.

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Section: Fatty Acid Propyl Estersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fatty Acid Propyl Estersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fatty Acid Propyl Estersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparative Property Analysis Of Different Faaementioning

confidence: 99%

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Biodiesel Produced from Propanol and Longer Chain Alcohols—Synthesis and Properties

et al. 2022

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Synthesis, characterization, and performance of alkyl methacrylates and tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate tetra polymers as pour point depressants for diesel Influence of polymer composition and molecular weight

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Racar

Faraguna

2022

Fuel

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The Influence of the Reaction Parameters on the Synthesis of Fatty Acid Octyl Esters and Investigation of Applications Properties of Its Blends with Mineral Diesel

et al. 2023

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The first aim of this paper is to study the influence of four parameters of the transesterification reaction—reaction temperature (40–80 °C), time (1–3 h), the molar ratio of 1-octanol to sunflower oil (4:1–10:1) and mass fraction of the catalyst (1–3 wt%)—on the conversion of oil to biodiesel (octyl esters of fatty acids), with potassium hydroxide as a catalyst. The highest conversion, of 99.2%, was obtained at 60 °C, a molar ratio of 1-octanol to sunflower oil of 10:1, and with 2 wt% of the catalyst after an hour. The optimal conditions determined with response surface methodology (RSM) when aiming for the lowest possible parameter values and a conversion of 95% or higher were a temperature of 40 °C, time of 1 h, 1-octanol to oil molar ratio at 8.11:1 and mass fraction of catalyst of 2.01%. Furthermore, post-synthesis and purification (>99%), the application properties of pure fatty acid octyl esters (FAOCE) and their blends with mineral diesel and 1-octanol were evaluated. Standardized tests were conducted to measure the fuel’s density, viscosity, cold filter plugging point (CFPP), and lubricity. The addition of FAOCE in mineral diesel increases its density, viscosity, and lubricity. When added up to 20 vol%, FAOCE did not have an influence on the blend’s CFPP value. Still, all the blend property values fell within the limits required by standard EN 590.

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Fatty acids propyl esters: Synthesis optimization and application properties of their blends with diesel and 1-propanol

Cited by 3 publications

References 47 publications

Biodiesel Produced from Propanol and Longer Chain Alcohols—Synthesis and Properties

Biodiesel Produced from Propanol and Longer Chain Alcohols—Synthesis and Properties

Synthesis, characterization, and performance of alkyl methacrylates and tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate tetra polymers as pour point depressants for diesel Influence of polymer composition and molecular weight

The Influence of the Reaction Parameters on the Synthesis of Fatty Acid Octyl Esters and Investigation of Applications Properties of Its Blends with Mineral Diesel

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