Fatty acid composition of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) – Possibilities and limitations for modification through diet

Ewald, Nils; Vidaković, Aleksandar; Langeland, Markus; Kiessling, Anders; Sampels, Sabine; Lalander, Cecilia

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.014

Cited by 257 publications

(207 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The occurrence of CLA remains challenging to explain but leads to various hypotheses. Firstly, as reported elsewhere 1,13 and shown herein, the presence of (E)-vaccenic acid C18:1n7 in low proportion can be linked to the occurrence of CLA by the action of a Δ9-desaturase. Nevertheless, this metabolic pathway, typical in ruminants and in humans 43,44 , cannot by itself explain the proportions of CLA found in the present study.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 73%

About lipid metabolism in Hermetia illucens (L. 1758): on the origin of fatty acids in prepupae

Hoc

Genva

Fauconnier

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Although increasingly targeted in animal nutrition, black soldier fly larvae or prepupae (BSF, Hermetia illucens L. 1758) require the characterization and modulation of their fatty acid profile to become fully integrated within the feed sector. This improvement will only be possible by the understanding of underlaying biochemical pathways of fatty acid synthesis in BSF. In this study, we hypothesized a labelling of de novo synthesized fatty acids in BSF by the incorporation of deuterated water (D 2 O) in their feed. Three batches of fifty larvae were reared on two diets with different polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles moistened with 40% of H 2 O or D 2 O: chicken feed or 40% of chicken feed and 60% of flax cake. Although the occurrence of D 2 O in insect feed increased the larval development time and decreased prepupal weight, it was possible to track the biosynthesis of fatty acids through deuterium labelling. Some fatty acids (decanoic, lauric or myristic acid) were exclusively present in their deuterated form while others (palmitic, palmitoleic or oleic acid) were found in two forms (deuterated or not) indicating that BSF can partially produce these fatty acids via biosynthesis pathways and not only by bioaccumulation from the diet. These results suggest the importance of carbohydrates as a source of acetyl-CoA in the constitution of the BSF fatty acid profile but also the potential importance of specific enzymes (e.g. thioesterase II or Δ12 fat2 desaturase) in BSF fatty acid metabolism. Finally, nearly no deuterated polyunsaturated fatty acids were found in BSF fed with deuterium confirming that BSF is not able to produce these types of fatty acids. Despite the high levels of linolenic acid in flax-enriched diets, BSF will simply bioaccumulate around 13% of this fatty acid and will metabolize approximately two-thirds of it into saturated fatty acids as lauric or myristic acid. Insects are increasingly identified as an environmentally sustainable source of proteins and lipids for food and feed but also for pharmaceutical or biodiesel applications 1-3. While yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor L. 1758) appears to be the preferred model in human nutrition for environmental, nutritional and acceptability considerations 4-6 , larvae or prepupae of black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens L. 1758) emerges by their ability to develop rapidly and extensively on a wide range of decomposing material for the feed sector 7-9. Although possessing unquestionable nutritional qualities 9,10 , the incorporation of BSF into animal feed is still limited by several factors including their high lipid content (till approximately 40%) and their unbalanced fatty acid profile 10,11. As BSF fatty acid profile is known to be related with the one of their diet, several experiments have tried to manipulate their fatty acid profile with enriched feed formulation 8,12-14. By analysing the fatty acid profiles in BSF fed with different diets, it appeared that BSF larvae contain a high level of saturated fatty acids (SFAs, lauric acid...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 73%

About lipid metabolism in Hermetia illucens (L. 1758): on the origin of fatty acids in prepupae

Hoc

Genva

Fauconnier

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Our GC-MS analysis indicates the most abundant constituents of AWME, that confirmed the major FAs were saturated FAs and ordered in percentage scale, as shown in Table 4. Ewald et al [35] reported, that from total amount of fatty acids in the larvae the major present filled up by lauric (C12:0), palmitic (C16:0) and oleic (C18:1 n-9) acids (52%, 12-22%, and 10-25%, respectively). Our study revealed the much higher fatty acids profile and it was shown, based on our method of extraction, that we were able to extract from BSFL larvae fat 22.22% of the oleic (C18:1 n-9), 20.34%, of palmitic (C16:0) and 18.48% of lauric acid (C12:0) ( Table 4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty Acids from Hermetia illucens Larvae Fat Inhibit the Proliferation and Growth of Actual Phytopathogens

et al. 2020

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The rapid increase of plant diseases caused by bacterial phytopathogens calls for an urgent search for new antibacterials. Antimicrobial compounds of natural origin stand up as frontiers in the attempts of the antibiotic overuse replacement. With this in mind, the Hermetia illucens (H. illucens) larvae have recently gained attention as a promising approach to fulfill this need. This study aimed to isolate the active constituents of H. illucens larvae fat and to estimate its antimicrobial capacity. We discovered the best composition of extracting solution retaining the pronounced antimicrobial activity of the extract. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we identified the unique natural array of fatty acids as the major constituents of the acidified water-methanol extract (AWME) as having new antimicrobial potency. In standard turbidimetric assay, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the AWME was 0.78 mg/mL after 24 h of incubation for all five tested phytopathogenic bacteria strains: Pantoea agglomerans, Xanthomonas campestris, Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, Pectobacterium atrosepticum, and Dickeya solani. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranged from 0.78 to 1.56 mg/mL against all tested strains after 24 h of incubation. The inhibition zone size of AWME (INZ) at 50 mg/mL concentration was in the range 12.2 ± 0.56 to 19.0 ± 0.28 mm, while zone size for the positive control (penicillin-streptomycin) (5000 IU/mL–5000 µg/mL) was in the scale of 20.63 ± 0.53 to 24.0 ± 0.35 mm as revealed by standard disk diffusion assay. For the first time, our findings indicated the substantial antibacterial potential of AWME of H. illucens larvae fat against these actual phytopathogens, thus paving the way for further research to determine the mechanism of action in crop protection.

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“…The MCFA lauric acid is a major constituent of the BSFLs fat. It is synthesized by the larvae, and therefore present at a high level independent of diet [56,57]. Finke [5] reported that lauric acid constituted 42% of the total fatty acids in the BSFL.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Full-Fat Insect Meal as a Protein and Energy Source for Weaned Piglets: Effects on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Gastrointestinal Function and Microbiota

Håkenåsen

Grepperud

Øverland

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Weaning is associated with growth decline and morphological changes in the gastrointestinal tract of the pig. Insects, such as the Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), are suggested as a sustainable novel protein source in diets for pigs. They contain chitin, medium chained fatty acids, and anti-microbial peptides, which could improve the gastrointestinal function and health in the post-weaning pig. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate the effect of increasing inclusion of full-fat BSFL in diets for post-weaning pigs on growth performance parameters, digestibility, gut morphology, and the microbial community in the colon. Eighty crossbred weanling pigs were weaned at approximately 32 days of age, with an average weaning weight of 10.6 ± 0.8 kg. For four weeks, the pigs were fed one of four dietary treatments: a control diet or one of three diets containing an increasing amount of full-fat BSFL meal: 4.76% (BSFL5), 9.52% (BSFL10), and 19.06% (BSFL20). Results: Increased level of full-fat BSFL in the diet did not affect growth performance or fecal consistency. A reduction in apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein (P = 0.035) was found for increased inclusion of BSFL, whereas the ATTD of crude fat increased (P<0.001). Jejunal, ileal, or colonic morphometry was not affected by the BSFL inclusion. Some changes in the colon microbiota were observed, but no differences in the short-chain fatty acid concentrations were detected between the dietary treatments. At the phylum level, dietary treatment affected the relative abundance of Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, Campilobacteria, and Thermoplasmatota, but there was no clear pattern relationship with the BSFL inclusion level. At the genus level, the inclusion of BSFL in the diet reduced the relative abundance of Lactobacillus (P = 0.015) compared to the control. Conclusions: Collectively, the results indicate that up to 19.06% of full-fat BSFL meal could be included in a balanced diet for PW pigs without affecting growth performance, gut function, or health.

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Fatty acid composition of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) – Possibilities and limitations for modification through diet

Cited by 257 publications

References 25 publications

About lipid metabolism in Hermetia illucens (L. 1758): on the origin of fatty acids in prepupae

About lipid metabolism in Hermetia illucens (L. 1758): on the origin of fatty acids in prepupae

Fatty Acids from Hermetia illucens Larvae Fat Inhibit the Proliferation and Growth of Actual Phytopathogens

Full-Fat Insect Meal as a Protein and Energy Source for Weaned Piglets: Effects on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Gastrointestinal Function and Microbiota

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