Fate of suspended and completed prospective memory intentions

Bugg, Julie M.; Streeper, Emily

doi:10.4324/9781351000154-4

Cited by 6 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…The finished phase of the experimental procedure has been referred to in many different ways such as "test block" (Walser et al, 2012), "Phase 2" (Pink & Dodson, 2013;Scullin et al, 2012), "completed phase" (Anderson & Einstein, 2017), "finished PM phase" (Bugg et al, 2016) and "Block 2" . Here, we decided to use an active/finished terminology to more clearly delineate phases of the experiment in which an intention is "active" and should be pursued compared to phases in which the intention is "finished" and should not be pursued (Bugg & Streeper, 2019). (A) Schematic illustration of prototypical experimental procedures of paradigms to assess aftereffects of completed intentions.…”

Section: Paradigms To Assess Aftereffects Of Completed Intentionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aftereffects and deactivation of completed prospective memory intentions: A systematic review.

Möschl¹,

Fischer²,

Bugg³

et al. 2020

Psychological Bulletin

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Prospective memory, the ability to perform an intended action in the future, is an essential aspect of goal-directed behavior. Intentions influence our behavior and shape the way we process and interact with our environment. One important question for research on prospective memory and goal-directed behavior is whether this influence stops after the intention has been completed successfully. Are intention representations deactivated from memory after their completion, and if so, how? Here, we systematically review 20 years of research on intention deactivation and so-called aftereffects of completed intentions across different research fields to offer an integrative perspective on this topic. We first introduce the currently dominant accounts of aftereffects (inhibition vs. retrieval) and illustrate the paradigms, findings, and interpretations that these accounts developed from. We then review the evidence for each account based on the extant research in these paradigms. While early studies proposed a rapid deactivation or even inhibition of completed intentions, more recent studies mostly suggested that intentions continue to be retrieved even after completion and interfere with subsequent performance. Although these accounts of aftereffects seem mutually exclusive, we will show that they might be two sides of the same coin. That is, intention deactivation and the occurrence of aftereffects are modulated by a multitude of factors that either foster a rapid deactivation or lead to continued retrieval of completed intentions. Lastly, we outline future directions and novel experimental procedures for research on mechanisms and modulators of intention deactivation and discuss practical implications of our findings.

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Section: Paradigms To Assess Aftereffects Of Completed Intentionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aftereffects and deactivation of completed prospective memory intentions: A systematic review.

Möschl¹,

Fischer²,

Bugg³

et al. 2020

Psychological Bulletin

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“…What are the mechanisms behind such aftereffects, and what causes us to slow down our ongoing-task performance while pursuing an intention in the first place? While aftereffects of completed intentions have been suggested to occur due to continued spontaneous retrieval of intentions after their completion, little is known about the underlying retrieval processes (Bugg & Streeper, 2019 ). Similarly, while several studies consistently reported costs to an ongoing task while actively pursuing a PM intention, the mechanisms underlying these costs are still a subject of discussion (Anderson et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Notably, since both spontaneous retrieval processes could manifest in slowed responses and/or commission errors (e.g., Bugg & Streeper, 2019 ; Möschl et al, 2020 ), neither of these subprocesses can be distinguished directly by discrete measures like RT aftereffects or commission errors alone. Instead, however, they should become distinguishable in continuous behavioral measures that allow an investigation of the genesis of a reflexively triggered response over time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissociating sub-processes of aftereffects of completed intentions and costs to the ongoing task in prospective memory: A mouse-tracking approach

et al. 2022

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In the present study, we used mouse tracking to investigate two processes underlying prospective memory (PM) retrieval: First, we aimed to explore to what extent spontaneous retrieval of already completed PM intentions is supported by reflexive-associative and discrepancy-plus-search processes. Second, we aimed to disentangle whether costs to an ongoing task during the pursuit of a PM intention are associated with presumably resource-demanding monitoring processes or with a presumably resource-sparing strategic delay of ongoing-task responses. Our third aim was to explore the interaction of processes underlying costs to the ongoing task and processes of spontaneous retrieval. Our analyses replicated response-time patterns from previous studies indicating aftereffects of completed intentions and costs to ongoing-task performance, as well as increased aftereffects while pursuing a PM intention. Notably, based on our mouse-tracking analyses, we argue that aftereffects of completed intentions are best explained by a reflexive initiation of an already completed intention. If the completed intention is not performed in its entirety (i.e., no commission error), the reflexive initiation of the completed intention is followed by a subsequent movement correction that most likely represents a time-consuming response-verification process. Regarding performance costs in the ongoing task, our analyses suggest that actively pursuing a PM intention most likely leads to a strategic delay of ongoing activities. Lastly, we found that pursuing a novel PM task after intention completion exacerbated orienting responses to all deviant stimuli, exacerbated the readiness to initiate the completed intention reflexively, and substantially prolonged the response-verification process following this reflexive intention retrieval.

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“…To examine PM commission errors in lab settings, the “finished paradigm” was developed (Scullin, Bugg, & McDaniel, 2012 ; for review, see Bugg & Streeper, 2019 ; cf. Walser, Fischer, & Goschke, 2012 ; for a related but distinct habitual PM paradigm, see Einstein, McDaniel, Smith, & Shaw, 1998 ; McDaniel, Bugg, Ramuschkat, Kliegel, & Einstein, 2009 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In striking contrast, 56% of participants in Experiment 1 and 46% of participants in Experiment 2 made a commission error in the zero-target condition. The authors concluded that PM intentions that remain unfulfilled are more accessible than intentions that are fulfilled, which is referred to as the intention fulfillment effect (Bugg & Streeper, 2019 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

Deactivation of prospective memory intentions: Examining the role of the stimulus–response link

Streeper

Bugg

2020

Mem Cogn

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Successful prospective remembering involves formation of a stimulus (e.g., bottle of medication and/or place where the bottle is kept)-response (e.g., taking a medication) link. We investigated the role of this link in the deactivation of no-longer-relevant prospective memory intentions, as evidenced by commission error risk. Experiment 1a contrasted two hypotheses of intention deactivation (degree of fulfillment and response frequency) by holding constant the degree of intention fulfillment (e.g., participants responded to one of two target words) while manipulating the number of times the intention was performed. Findings supported the response frequency hypothesis. Experiment 1b employed novel lure trials to examine what "stimulus" participants link the prospective memory response to-target words and/or the salient contextual cue-and compared commission errors to Experiment 1a. Findings suggested the salient context alone does not always function as the stimulus. Collectively these findings, in conjunction with those of Experiment 2 (a within-experiment replication) and a combined analysis, suggest that (a) intention deactivation is facilitated by prior responding (formation/strengthening of stimulus-response links), but additional research is needed to establish the robustness of this effect, and (b) when responding frequently to targets, participants are more likely to bind the response to the context alone than to the target or target/context combination, possibly because they learn to rely on context to predict target occurrence. The latter finding was robust and indicates that deactivation of the appropriate stimulus (target and/or context)-response link may be a critical component of reducing commission errors.

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Fate of suspended and completed prospective memory intentions

Cited by 6 publications

References 1 publication

Aftereffects and deactivation of completed prospective memory intentions: A systematic review.

Aftereffects and deactivation of completed prospective memory intentions: A systematic review.

Dissociating sub-processes of aftereffects of completed intentions and costs to the ongoing task in prospective memory: A mouse-tracking approach

Deactivation of prospective memory intentions: Examining the role of the stimulus–response link

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