Fate of pharmaceuticals and bacteria in stored urine during precipitation and drying of struvite

Schürmann, Bettina; Everding, W.; Montag, David; Pinnekamp, Johannes

doi:10.2166/wst.2012.041

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…It is sparingly soluble in water (<1–5%) and is nearly 100% soluble in organic acids (Antonini et al, ; Cabeza et al, ; Kern et al, ; Massey et al, ). The struvite precipitates are usually free of pathogens (Gell et al, ; Schürmann, Everding, Montag, & Pinnekamp, ) and are non‐toxic to simple invertebrate and vertebrate bioassay (Ganrot, Dave, Nilsson, & Li, ; Ryu, Lim, Kim, et al, ; Yetilmezsoy et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Struvite recovered from various types of wastewaters: Characteristics, soil leaching behaviour, and plant growth

et al. 2018

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Phosphorus (P) is a nonrenewable resource that can be recycled from high nutrient (N and P)-containing wastewaters as struvite that has 5.7% N and 12.5% P, has lower heavy metal content, is sparingly soluble in water, is highly soluble in organic acids, is devoid of pathogens, is non-toxic, and can leach nutrients very slowly for longer periods compared with highly soluble mineral fertilizers that leach nutrients very quickly. Leaching of nutrients from struvite can be enhanced by soil nitrification rates, powdered form, and mixing with soil, whereas leaching can be decreased by application on soil surface and granulation. Several plants such as maize, lettuce, ryegrass, and wheat were successfully grown using struvite with higher, comparable, or lesser growth and P uptake compared with commercial fertilizers. High growth and P uptake was synergistically complemented due to high Mg concentrations. As a whole, struvite can be a sustainable and renewable alternative to the mineral fertilizers.KEYWORDS magnesium ammonium phosphate, nutrient leaching in soil, P uptake, plant growth, struvite

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Struvite recovered from various types of wastewaters: Characteristics, soil leaching behaviour, and plant growth

et al. 2018

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“…Among recovered P products, struvite recovery through precipitation and crystallization from wastewater and sewage sludge shows promise as a cost-effective technique yielding a relatively pure product (Ronteltap et al, 2007;Schürmann et al, 2012;Lou et al, 2018) with greater value as a fertilizer than many other recovered P products (Cabeza et al, 2011;Vogel et al, 2017b;Huygens and Saveyn, 2018;Wollmann et al, 2018). Further, Weissengruber et al (2018) concluded that potentially toxic element and persistent organic pollutant accumulations would be low to negligible even after 200 yr of struvite application (at 11 kg P ha -1 yr -1 ).…”

Section: Recycling and Recovering Phosphorus From Waste Streams Back mentioning

confidence: 99%

Options for Improved Phosphorus Cycling and Use in Agriculture at the Field and Regional Scales

et al. 2019

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Soil phosphorus (P) cycling in agroecosystems is highly complex, with many chemical, physical, and biological processes affecting the availability of P to plants. Traditionally, P fertilizer recommendations have been made using an insurance‐based approach, which has resulted in the accumulation of P in many intensively managed agricultural soils worldwide and contributed to the widespread water quality issue of eutrophication. To mitigate further environmental degradation and because future P fertilizer supplies are threatened due to finite phosphate rock resources and associated geopolitical and quality issues, there is an immediate need to increase P use efficiency (PUE) in agroecosystems. Through cultivar selection and improved cropping system design, contemporary research suggests that sufficient crop yields could be maintained at reduced soil test P (STP) concentrations. In addition, more efficient P cycling at the field scale can be achieved through agroecosystem management that increases soil organic matter and organic P mineralization and optimizes arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbioses. This review paper provides a perspective on how agriculture has the potential to utilize plant and microbial traits to improve PUE at the field scale and accordingly, maintain crop yields at lower STP concentrations. It also links with the need to tighten the P cycle at the regional scale, including a discussion of P recovery and recycling technologies, with a particular focus on the use of struvite as a recycled P fertilizer. Guidance on directions for future research is provided. Core Ideas There is an urgent need to increase P use efficiency in agroecosystems. Crop yields could be maintained at lower than recommended soil test P concentrations. Both the quantity and quality of organic matter influence P availability. Further research on ability of organic P to supply P to crops is needed. Struvite has the potential to fill an important niche in P recycling.

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“…Pharmaceutical concentrations in urine are highly dependent on the contributors and can vary drastically by population; therefore assessing pharmaceutical content is less imperative than determining inclusion in struvite and if necessary treatment and elimination methods. Source-separated urine spiked with 10 different pharmaceuticals and stored at 20˚C for 6 months indicated some degradation of pharmaceuticals ranging from 10% to 97% (Schurmann et al 2012). Percentage of pharmaceutical degradation can be seen in Table 3.…”

Section: Contaminantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Struvite precipitated from urine spiked with ionic, acidic and basic pharmaceuticals and hormones is the simplest way to investigate pharmaceutical-struvite interactions. In both batch and continuously-stirred tank reactor (CSTR) precipitation experiments a statistically significant amount of hormones and pharmaceuticals were retained in urine (Table 4) after struvite precipitation (Ronteltap et al 2007a, Schurmann et al 2012. Further decrease of pharmaceuticals and hormones present in struvite was found after washing the struvite, leading to the assumption that the contaminants may be present due to contact rather than inclusion into the crystalline structure.…”

Section: Contaminantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spiking the urine with double-stranded DNA (T3) and single-stranded RNA (MS2) bacteriophage capable of infecting bacterial cells such as Escherichia coli yielded 10^6 plaque forming units per milliliter in source separated urine. (Brunzel, 2004 Table 3 -Elimination of Spiked Pharmaceuticals in urine after 6 months of storage (Schurmann et al 2012) Urine, a sterile liquid waste product produced by the kidneys, removes inorganic chemicals such as phosphorus and urea from the human body. Urine can also contain pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical by-products.…”

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Struvite Recovery From Source-Separated Urine Utilizing Fluidized Bed Technology

Gagnon¹

2016

proc water environ fed

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Source-separating urine for nutrient recovery may provide multiple benefits with regards to wastewater management, water conservation, and an impending phosphorus fertilizer shortage. Municipal wastewater systems are designed to treat the combination of urine, feces and graywater produced in household applications. Urine accounts for 1% of wastewater by volume, but provides 70-90% of nitrogen, 35-70% of phosphorus and 50% of the contaminants of emerging concern entering municipal wastewater treatment (Larsen and Gujer 1996). Research has shown managing source-separated urine for nutrient recovery is a more cost effective and less treatment intensive method than using traditional systems found in municipal wastewater plants.Phosphorus fertilizer shortages are projected as current sources diminish and become increasingly difficult to extract and refine. Phosphorus based-fertilizer recovery, in the form of 99.9% pure struvite also known as magnesium ammonium phosphate (MgNH 4 PO 4 •6H 2 O), has been demonstrated successfully in full-scale sidestream treatment using dewatering liquor from anaerobically digested solids (centrate) processed through upflow fluidized bed reactor technologies (Britton et al. 2005). Prior research determined the influence of pH, magnesium to phosphorus (Mg:P) molar ratio, and age of urine on purity, pharmaceutical content and pathogen inclusion in struvite precipitated from source-separated urine. This is the first known example of an attempt to produce a commercially viable struvite product from source-separated urine in a fluidized bed reactor of a design that has been used successfully for struvite recovery in conventional wastewater applications.In order to assess the feasibility of nutrient recovery of phosphorus-based fertilizer recovery from source-separated urine, the first office-based urine separation and collection building was implemented in the U.S. Urine was collected, in a 400 gallon capacity underground sealed manhole, from HRSD's Main office building beginning in March 2015 from five men's waterless urinals and one women's separating toilet. Urine was collected from the manhole on a monthly basis in 275 and 330 gallon plastic totes stored at the HRSD Nansemond WWTP in Suffolk, VA. Collected urine was allowed to age while in storage to encourage the precipitation of excess multivalent cations that may interfere with struvite precipitation and inactivation of pathogens that may be present.An upflow fluidized bed reactor (UFBR) was used to precipitate and recover struvite as slowrelease phosphorus based fertilizer (prill); the reactor was loaned to Hampton Roads Sanitation iii District by the University of British Columbia. A magnesium solution was injected at the bottom of the reactor to facilitate precipitation along with the recycle urine stream and feed urine. Prill production design for the reactor was 0.5 kilograms per day, but while using centrate to determine best operations practices, under loading the reactor to 0.25 kilograms per day maximized struvite rec...

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Fate of pharmaceuticals and bacteria in stored urine during precipitation and drying of struvite

Cited by 20 publications

References 0 publications

Struvite recovered from various types of wastewaters: Characteristics, soil leaching behaviour, and plant growth

Struvite recovered from various types of wastewaters: Characteristics, soil leaching behaviour, and plant growth

Options for Improved Phosphorus Cycling and Use in Agriculture at the Field and Regional Scales

Struvite Recovery From Source-Separated Urine Utilizing Fluidized Bed Technology

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