Fate of bis(2-ethylhexyl) [14C]phthalate in laboratory and outdoor soil-plant systems

Schmitzer, J.; Scheunert, I.; Körte, F.

doi:10.1021/jf00079a053

Cited by 46 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In contrast to these possible pathways of exposure to DEHP, the risk to human health arising from diffuse environmental sources, such as from DEHP inputs to soil from recycling sewage sludge, would appear to be very minor indeed. This is reinforced by the degradability and biotransformation of DEHP in aerobic soil and also the absence or minimal transfer of DEHP to crops and the food chain (Schmitzer et al 1988;Aranda et al 1989;Staples et al 1997;Madsen et al 1999;Van Wezel et al 2000;Yin et al 2003). Thus, the link between environmental sources of phthalates and endocrine-disrupting effects in humans has yet to be proved (Fisher 2004;Hotchkiss et al 2008).…”

Section: (D) Phthalatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic contaminants in sewage sludge (biosolids) and their significance for agricultural recycling

Smith

2009

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

186

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Organic chemicals discharged in urban wastewater from industrial and domestic sources, or those entering through atmospheric deposition onto paved areas via surface run-off, are predominantly lipophilic in nature and therefore become concentrated in sewage sludge, with potential implications for the agricultural use of sludge as a soil improver. Biodegradation occurs to varying degrees during wastewater and sludge treatment processes. However, residues will probably still be present in the resulting sludge and can vary from trace values of several micrograms per kilogram up to approximately 1 per cent in the dry solids for certain bulk chemicals, such as linear alkylbenzene sulphonate, which is widely used as a surfactant in detergent formulations. However, the review of the scientific literature on the potential environmental and health impacts of organic contaminants (OCs) in sludge indicates that the presence of a compound in sludge, or of seemingly large amounts of certain compounds used in bulk volumes domestically and by industry, does not necessarily constitute a hazard when the material is recycled to farmland. Furthermore, the chemical quality of sludge is continually improving and concentrations of potentially harmful and persistent organic compounds have declined to background values. Thus, recycling sewage sludge on farmland is not constrained by concentrations of OCs found in contemporary sewage sludges. A number of issues, while unlikely to be significant for agricultural utilization, require further investigation and include: (i) the impacts of chlorinated paraffins on the food chain and human health, (ii) the risk assessment of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, a bulk chemical present in large amounts in sludge, (iii) the microbiological risk assessment of antibioticresistant micro-organisms in sewage sludge and sludge-amended agricultural soil, and (iv) the potential significance of personal-care products (e.g. triclosan), pharmaceuticals and endocrine-disrupting compounds in sludge on soil quality and human health.

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Section: (D) Phthalatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic contaminants in sewage sludge (biosolids) and their significance for agricultural recycling

Smith

2009

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

186

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“…Similar to some other organic pollutants (Bao et al 2012), once incorporated into soils, PAEs could be transported to surface water by means of farm drainage and surface runoff. Furthermore, PAEs in agricultural soils may be taken up by vegetables and pose a potential health risk to humans (Fu and Du, 2011;Ma et al, 2013;Schmitzer et al, 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phthalate esters in soil, plastic film, and vegetable from greenhouse vegetable production bases in Beijing, China: Concentrations, sources, and risk assessment

Chen

Wang

et al. 2016

Science of The Total Environment

139

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“…Since the introduction of phthalates as plasticizers in the 1920s, their annual worldwide production has steadily increased. Current use of phthalates is estimated at 9 million tons per year, of which approximately 2 million tons is DEHP, making it the most abundantly produced phthalate ester and the focus of our study [3, 4]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-monotonic dose effects of in utero exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on testicular and serum testosterone and anogenital distance in male mouse fetuses

Phuong

Stahlhut

Ponzi

et al. 2012

Reproductive Toxicology

107

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Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant. Epidemiological studies suggest that DEHP decreases masculinization of male fetuses. Numerous rat studies report DEHP reduces fetal testosterone production at doses greatly exceeding human exposure. We fed pregnant CD-1 mice 0.5 - 500,000 μg/kg/day DEHP from gestation day (GD) 9 - 18 and examined mothers and male fetuses on GD 18. We assessed non-monotonic dose-response by adding a quadratic term to a simple linear regression model. Except at the 500,000-μg/kg/day dose, DEHP stimulated an increase in maternal and fetal serum testosterone and increased anogenital distance (AGD). Non-monotonic dose-response curves were noted for AGD and maternal, and testis testosterone (p values 0.013 to 0.021). Because data from our highest dose (500,000-μg/kg/day) did not differ significantly from controls, this dose could have been incorrectly assumed to be the NOAEL had we only tested very high doses, as is typical in studies for regulatory agencies.

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Fate of bis(2-ethylhexyl) [14C]phthalate in laboratory and outdoor soil-plant systems

Cited by 46 publications

References 11 publications

Organic contaminants in sewage sludge (biosolids) and their significance for agricultural recycling

Organic contaminants in sewage sludge (biosolids) and their significance for agricultural recycling

Phthalate esters in soil, plastic film, and vegetable from greenhouse vegetable production bases in Beijing, China: Concentrations, sources, and risk assessment

Non-monotonic dose effects of in utero exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on testicular and serum testosterone and anogenital distance in male mouse fetuses

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