Phthalate esters in soil, plastic film, and vegetable from greenhouse vegetable production bases in Beijing, China: Concentrations, sources, and risk assessment

Li, Cheng; Chen, Jiayi; Wang, Jihua; Han, Ping; Luan, Yunxia; Ma, Xupu; Lu, Anxiang

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.077

Cited by 139 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…For the same variety, there was no significant difference for the 6 PAE concentrations in cereal grains among the different treatments in the two years (p > 0.05), indicating there was no significant effect of reclaimed irrigation water on the concentrations of PAEs in cereal grains. The concentrations of PAEs in the present study were similar to those reported by Mo et al (2009) [28], Wang et al (2015) [22] and Li et al (2016b) [20], who found that the concentrations of the 6 PAEs in vegetables ranged from 0.073 mg/kg to 11.2 mg/kg, with a mean value of 1.12 mg/kg~3.2 mg/kg; additionally, the values were lower than the concentrations of PAEs in winter wheat grain (8.0 ± 2.6 mg/kg) and summer maize grain (11.0 ± 5.1 mg/kg) that was irrigated with wastewater [26]. Table 6 shows the ratios of each individual PAE to the total PAEs for cereal grains (the For the same variety, there was no significant difference for the 6 PAE concentrations in cereal grains among the different treatments in the two years (p > 0.05), indicating there was no significant effect of reclaimed irrigation water on the concentrations of PAEs in cereal grains.…”

Section: Concentrations Of 6 Paes and Each Pae In Cereal Grainssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The BCFs of each PAE in wheat grain and maize grain were 0.33~35.75 and 0.47~2.9, respectively. Similar results were observed in the studies by Wang et al (2015) [22] and Li et al (2016b) [20]. They found that the BCFs of each PAE were in the range of 0.74~8.0 and 0.11~23.0, respectively.…”

Section: Concentrations Of 6 Paes and Each Pae In Cereal Grainssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The contributions of DEP or BBP were typically less than 5%. The compositions were similar to those reported in other regions [10,15,20,22,28], where DEHP and DnBP were also the dominant compounds in crops, accounting for 25.7%~67.1% and 20.0%~46.9%, respectively. The reasons for these results were that DEHP and DnBP have low water solubility and thus, are readily absorbed to soil; therefore, these compounds typically have relatively higher accumulation rates in crops.…”

Section: Concentrations Of 6 Paes and Each Pae In Cereal Grainssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…The groundwater table was monitored in an observation well located at the experimental base, it was approximately 8.0 m below the ground surface during the experimental year. that were amended with sludge were higher than those without sludge; and DEHP and DnBP were often the most abundant compounds [10,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Irrigation with wastewater and reclaimed water has been promoted in arid and semi-arid areas due to water shortages [25,26].…”

Section: Site Description and Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concentrations of PAEs in soil and vegetables under plastic film were 0.15~18.8 mg/kg and 0.51~7.16 mg/kg, respectively; the concentrations of PAEs in soil and vegetables in greenhouses ranged from 0.14 to 4.9 mg/kg and 0.15 to 6.94 mg/kg, respectively; the concentrations of PAEs in soils collected from film mulching fields and greenhouse fields were higher than those from fields where no film was used; the concentrations of PAEs in soil and radish that were amended with sludge were higher than those without sludge; and DEHP and DnBP were often the most abundant compounds [10,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing the Risk of Phthalate Ester (PAE) Contamination in Soils and Crops Irrigated with Treated Sewage Effluent

Huang

et al. 2018

Water

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Waste/reclaimed irrigation water has been promoted due to water shortages in arid and semi-arid areas. However, this process may be one of the sources of phthalate esters (PAEs) in agricultural soils, and the potential risks of PAEs for soil ecosystems and human health have attracted considerable attention. A two-year (from October 2014 to October 2016) field experiment was conducted to assess the contamination risk of PAEs from reclaimed irrigation water in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.) fields on the North China Plain. Three types of irrigation water quality were arranged for each variety, including reclaimed water, groundwater, and a mixture of reclaimed water and groundwater (1:1, v/v). The results indicate that the concentrations of the 6 PAEs in topsoil ranged from 2.79 to 5.34 mg/kg at the time of crop harvest. There was no significant effect of reclaimed irrigation water on the concentrations of PAEs in the soil. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the most abundant contaminants in all soil samples, accounting for 43.2%~68.7% and 27.1%~48.6%, respectively, of the 6 PAEs. The levels of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and DnBP in all soil samples exceeded the allowable soil concentrations, but the levels were far below the recommended soil cleanup objectives. The grain yields of winter wheat and summer maize ranged from 4.35 to 7.1 t/ha and 1.03 to 6.46 t/ha, respectively. There were no significant effects of reclaimed water on the growth characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat (p > 0.05); however, the effect of reclaimed irrigation water on summer maize was influenced by climate. The concentrations of the 6 PAEs in wheat grain and maize grain ranged from 1.03 to 4.05 mg/kg and from 0.37 to 3.29 mg/kg, respectively. For the same variety, there was no significant difference in the concentrations of the 6 PAEs in cereal grains among different treatments (p > 0.05). DEHP and DnBP were the most abundant components in most crop samples, accounting for 31.6%~77.9% and 21.1%~64.7%, respectively, of the 6 PAEs. The concentrations of the PAEs, DnBP and DEHP in cereal grains were lower than those in the reference doses. The BCFs of the 6 PAEs and of each PAE in cereal grains were 0.43~1.25 and 0.33~35.75, respectively. The BCFs of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) were the highest (1.41~35.75), followed by DMP and DEHP. There were almost no significant differences in the BCFs of each PAE among the three treatments. The total carcinogenic risks of PAEs were 2.82 × 10 −5 for adults and 1.81 × 10 −5 for children. The total non-carcinogenic risks of PAEs were 3.37 × 10 −1 for adults and 7.98 × 10 −1 for children. DHEP was the dominant contributor to both risks, and the intake of cereals was the main exposure pathway for the two risks. In conclusion, there were no significant effects of reclaimed irrigation water on the concentrations of PAEs in soil and cereal grains compared with groundwater irrigation, and the human health risks were within ...

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Section: Concentrations Of 6 Paes and Each Pae In Cereal Grainssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Concentrations Of 6 Paes and Each Pae In Cereal Grainssupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Concentrations Of 6 Paes and Each Pae In Cereal Grainssupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Site Description and Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing the Risk of Phthalate Ester (PAE) Contamination in Soils and Crops Irrigated with Treated Sewage Effluent

Huang

et al. 2018

Water

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Di‐(2‐Ethylhexyl) Phthalate as a Chemical Indicator for Phthalic Acid Esters: An Investigation into Phthalic Acid Esters in Cultivated Fields and E‐Waste Dismantling Sites

Liu

Peng

Lin

et al. 2019

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) represent an ongoing pollution problem and have attracted extensive attention due to their ubiquitous presence in the environment. We investigated the distribution of 6 PAEs (benzyl butyl phthalate [BBP], dibutyl phthalate [DBP], di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate [DEHP], diethyl phthalate [DEP], dimethyl phthalate [DMP], and di‐n‐octyl phthalate [DnOP]) in cultivated soils, including vegetable fields and paddy fields, as well as the soils of E‐waste dismantling sites. We also explored the relationship between the particle size of soils and the distribution of PAEs, put forward a novel method to forecast the occurrence and fate of PAEs in soils with DEHP used as a chemical indicator, and made a preliminary assessment of the potential ecological risks of the 6 target compounds in soils. The results showed that the detection rate of target PAEs was 100%, and that the concentrations of ∑6PAEs ranged from 1.2 to 7.3 mg/kg in vegetable fields, 1.2 to 1.5 mg/kg in paddy fields, and 11.8 to 17.9 mg/kg in E‐waste dismantling sites. In addition, DEHP exhibited the maximum concentrations (0.480–15.34 mg/kg) in all soil samples. The results also showed that in the wake of decreasing particle size, increasing soil organic carbon would enhance the sorption of PAEs in soils. Moreover, the correlation formula of DEHP successfully predicted the concentrations of other PAEs and ∑ 6PAEs in soils, suggesting that DEHP could be a dependable chemical indicator for forecasting the environmental occurrence of PAEs in soils. Based on the residual levels in the trial sites and limited toxicity data, high risks to soil organisms are expected for DBP, DEP, and DEHP, and low–medium risks for BBP, DnOP, and DMP. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;00:1–11. © 2019 SETAC

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The effect of maternal exposure to di‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐phthalate on fetal cardiac development in mice

Tang

Deng²,

Duan

et al. 2018

J of Applied Toxicology

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Accumulating evidence has suggested a link between maternal di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) exposure and various developmental abnormalities. However, the evidence regarding the effect of maternal DEHP exposure on fetal cardiac development is scarce. The present study aimed to determine the effect of maternal DEHP exposure on fetal cardiac development in mice and explore the possible involved mechanism preliminarily. The C57BL mice were randomly divided into four groups: the vehicle group (corn oil, n = 10), 250 mg kg DEHP group (n = 15), 500 mg kg DEHP group (n = 20) and 1 g kg DEHP group (n = 20). Pregnant dams in different group received respective intervention by gavage once daily from embryonic day (E)6.5 to E14.5. Maternal weights were monitored every day and samples were collected at E15.5. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to examine fetal cardiac malformations. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot were applied to detect peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α/PPARγ/Nkx2.5/Gata4/Tbx5/Mef2c/Chf1 mRNA and protein expression, respectively. Maternal DEHP exposure significantly decreased maternal body weight, fetal weight and placental weight, and remarkably elevated fetal cardiac malformations rate. The phenotypes of cardiac anomalies mainly include septal defects, ventricular myocardium noncompaction and cardiac hypoplasia. Higher doses DEHP (500 mg kg and 1 g kg ) could significantly decreased fetal cardiac Gata4/Mef2c/Chf1 expression, while PPARγ expression was upregulated. Maternal exposure to higher doses of DEHP could result in fetal cardiac development malformations in mice and it might have resulted from the inhibition of cardiac GATA4/Mef2c/Chf1 expression via PPARγ activation.

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Phthalate esters in soil, plastic film, and vegetable from greenhouse vegetable production bases in Beijing, China: Concentrations, sources, and risk assessment

Cited by 139 publications

References 35 publications

Assessing the Risk of Phthalate Ester (PAE) Contamination in Soils and Crops Irrigated with Treated Sewage Effluent

Assessing the Risk of Phthalate Ester (PAE) Contamination in Soils and Crops Irrigated with Treated Sewage Effluent

Di‐(2‐Ethylhexyl) Phthalate as a Chemical Indicator for Phthalic Acid Esters: An Investigation into Phthalic Acid Esters in Cultivated Fields and E‐Waste Dismantling Sites

The effect of maternal exposure to di‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐phthalate on fetal cardiac development in mice

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