Fate of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in a simulated compost system

Pennington, Judith C.; Hayes, Charolett A.; Myers, Karen F.; Ochman, M.; Gunnison, Douglas; Felt, Debra R.; McCormick, Erika

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(94)00422-q

Cited by 78 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The end result according to laboratory tracer studies is the fixation of most of the TNT carbon to the humic material present at the end of the composting process [304] driven by the covalent bond formation between reduced amino metabolites and the organic fraction of the compost [305]. The main types of linkages identified in the study by Thorn and Kennedy [305] are aminohydroquinone, aminoquinone, heterocyclic and imine.…”

Section: Compostingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Kalderis

Juhasz

Boopathy

et al. 2011

Pure and Applied Chemistry

153

143

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An explosion occurs when a large amount of energy is suddenly released. This energy may come from an over-pressurized steam boiler, from the products of a chemical reaction involving explosive materials, or from a nuclear reaction that is uncontrolled. In order for an explosion to occur, there must be a local accumulation of energy at the site of the explosion, which is suddenly released. This release of energy can be dissipated as blast waves, propulsion of debris, or by the emission of thermal and ionizing radiation.Modern explosives or energetic materials are nitrogen-containing organic compounds with the potential for self-oxidation to small gaseous molecules (N 2 , H 2 O, and CO 2 ). Explosives are classified as primary or secondary based on their susceptibility of initiation. Primary explosives are highly susceptible to initiation and are often used to ignite secondary explosives, such as TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), RDX (1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine), HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane), and tetryl (N-methyl-N-2,4,6-tetranitroaniline).

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Section: Compostingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Kalderis

Juhasz

Boopathy

et al. 2011

Pure and Applied Chemistry

153

143

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Contamination of groundwater, surface water, and soil by explosives has occurred at military sites throughout the world as a result of manufacture of explosive compounds, assembly of munitions, and deployment of explosives containing devices (Roberts and Hartley 1992;Jenkins, Thome, and Walsh 1994;Pennington et al 1995). TNT has been listed as a priority pollutant, a Class C carcinogen, and has adverse effects on humans, plants, and animals (Rosenblatt et al 1991;Smith 1991;Won, DiSalvo, and Ng 1976;Palazzo and Leggett 1986;Simini et al 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

UV–VIS spectroscopy of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene-hydroxide reaction

2002

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“…Research thus far indicates that TNT can be removed from contaminated soils (35,42,61,62,124,167,253). In composting, the soil must be mixed with a bulk agent and additional organic substrates which are usually by-products of agricultural processes (straw, alfalfa, wood chips, sugarbeet stems, and leaves).…”

Section: Applications In Tnt Bioremediationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Degradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

Esteve‐Núñez

Caballero

Ramos

2001

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

417

288

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Nitroaromatic compounds are xenobiotics that have found multiple applications in the synthesis of foams, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and explosives. These compounds are toxic and recalcitrant and are degraded relatively slowly in the environment by microorganisms. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is the most widely used nitroaromatic compound. Certain strains of Pseudomonas and fungi can use TNT as a nitrogen source through the removal of nitrogen as nitrite from TNT under aerobic conditions and the further reduction of the released nitrite to ammonium, which is incorporated into carbon skeletons. Phanerochaete chrysosporium and other fungi mineralize TNT under ligninolytic conditions by converting it into reduced TNT intermediates, which are excreted to the external milieu, where they are substrates for ligninolytic enzymes. Most if not all aerobic microorganisms reduce TNT to the corresponding amino derivatives via the formation of nitroso and hydroxylamine intermediates. Condensation of the latter compounds yields highly recalcitrant azoxytetranitrotoluenes. Anaerobic microorganisms can also degrade TNT through different pathways. One pathway, found in Desulfovibrio and Clostridium, involves reduction of TNT to triaminotoluene; subsequent steps are still not known. Some Clostridium species may reduce TNT to hydroxylaminodinitrotoluenes, which are then further metabolized. Another pathway has been described in Pseudomonas sp. strain JLR11 and involves nitrite release and further reduction to ammonium, with almost 85% of the N-TNT incorporated as organic N in the cells. It was recently reported that in this strain TNT can serve as a final electron acceptor in respiratory chains and that the reduction of TNT is coupled to ATP synthesis. In this review we also discuss a number of biotechnological applications of bacteria and fungi, including slurry reactors, composting, and land farming, to remove TNT from polluted soils. These treatments have been designed to achieve mineralization or reduction of TNT and immobilization of its amino derivatives on humic material. These approaches are highly efficient in removing TNT, and increasing amounts of research into the potential usefulness of phytoremediation, rhizophytoremediation, and transgenic plants with bacterial genes for TNT removal are being done

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Fate of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in a simulated compost system

Cited by 78 publications

References 8 publications

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

UV–VIS spectroscopy of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene-hydroxide reaction

Biological Degradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

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