Fate and the Biochemical Effects of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Exposure to Tiger Salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum)

Johnson, Mark S.; Vodela, J. K.; Reddy, Gunda; Holladay, Steven D.

doi:10.1006/eesa.1999.1893

Cited by 43 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Dermal exposure was determined to be the most important exposure pathway for uptake of TNT from contaminated soil by the salamander. Trace amounts of TNT were detected only in the skin and liver of exposed salamanders, while 2,6-DANT was found only in liver and kidney tissues [218]. Skin was concluded to be important in the primary reduction of TNT.…”

Section: Vertebratesmentioning

confidence: 83%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Kalderis

Juhasz

Boopathy

et al. 2011

Pure and Applied Chemistry

147

143

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An explosion occurs when a large amount of energy is suddenly released. This energy may come from an over-pressurized steam boiler, from the products of a chemical reaction involving explosive materials, or from a nuclear reaction that is uncontrolled. In order for an explosion to occur, there must be a local accumulation of energy at the site of the explosion, which is suddenly released. This release of energy can be dissipated as blast waves, propulsion of debris, or by the emission of thermal and ionizing radiation.Modern explosives or energetic materials are nitrogen-containing organic compounds with the potential for self-oxidation to small gaseous molecules (N 2 , H 2 O, and CO 2 ). Explosives are classified as primary or secondary based on their susceptibility of initiation. Primary explosives are highly susceptible to initiation and are often used to ignite secondary explosives, such as TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), RDX (1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine), HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane), and tetryl (N-methyl-N-2,4,6-tetranitroaniline).

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Section: Vertebratesmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…The salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) has been suggested as a bioindicator of effects in the evaluation of toxicity of explosives at contaminated sites [217][218][219]. Dermal exposure was determined to be the most important exposure pathway for uptake of TNT from contaminated soil by the salamander.…”

Section: Vertebratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Kalderis

Juhasz

Boopathy

et al. 2011

Pure and Applied Chemistry

147

143

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“…Liver and blood disorders have been reported in fish (Ek et al 2003(Ek et al , 2005Della Torre et al 2006) as in other vertebrates (Johnson et al 2000;Dilley et al 1982), indicating the susceptibility of fish to this compound. In the liver, TNT inhibits crucial detoxification enzymes, such as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, and activates antioxidant defence systems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Despite its fast elimination, mutagenic properties and noxious effects of TNT, such as reduced survival, growth and reproduction, have been documented in several aquatic organisms (Smock et al 1976;Johnson et al 2000;Green et al 1999;Talmage et al 1999). However, few studies have considered the physiological mechanisms behind these effects in fish species.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

First observations of histopathological effects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in gills of European eel Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758)

et al. 2008

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects on gill morphology of the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in a model fish, the European eel, Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758) to assess potential detrimental effects in marine fish due to its presence in dumping areas. Juvenile specimens of A. anguilla were exposed in vivo for 6 and 24 h to 0.5, 1 and 2.5 mg/l nominal concentrations of TNT using dimethyl sulfoxide (0.1 per thousand) as solvent carrier. Histological analysis of gills indicated that TNT induced several structural lesions. After 6h of exposure at 0.5 and 1 mg/l TNT, oedema of some secondary lamellae was evident: this change at the highest dose of 2.5 mg/l led to epithelial lifting and detachment from the endothelium and rupture of the branchial membrane and vascular congestion. After 24 h at 0.5 mg/l, increased oedema in secondary lamellae, extensive epithelial detachment and vascular congestion and dilation of lamellar capillaries and pooling of blood at 1 mg/l were observed. At 2.5 mg/l, epithelial hyperplasia, fusion of adjacent lamellae, obliteration of interlamellar spaces by means of tight junctions were also observed. Moreover, chloride cells proliferated along secondary lamellae, and mucus hypersecretion was evident. The overall results clearly indicate that gills are sensitive targets of TNT.

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“…In this view there is an urgent need to expand the knowledge on the metabolic fate and ecological impact of TNT on marine species focusing on metabolic pathways and targets of toxicity of this compound. In fact until now few investigations have focused on the molecular and biochemical pathways that determine TNT toxicity in aquatic species (Ek et al [2,3], Johnson et al [4], Sims and Steevens [5]). The aim of the present study is to investigate the acute effects of TNT on three different potential targets: phase I and II drug metabolizing enzymes cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1), UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST); on brain neurosteroidogenesis key proteins such as steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein and CYP450 side-chain cleavage (P450scc) and on gill structure, using the European eel Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1578) as model fish species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute sublethal effects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) on the European eelAnguilla anguilla(Linnaeus, 1758)

Torre

Corsi

Sensini

et al. 2008

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

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The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) on liver phase I and II biotransformation enzymes at gene (CYP1A1, GST and UDPGT) and catalytic levels by investigating EROD, GST and UDPGT activities, on crucial brain steroidogenic proteins (StAR and P450scc genes expression) and on gills histology in a model fish species such as the European eel (Anguilla anguilla, Linnaeus, 1758). Eels were exposed in vivo for 6 and 24 hours to 0.5mg/L, 1mg/L and 2.5mg/L nominal concentration of TNT by using 0.1‰ of DMSO as a carrier. The TNT produced a significant inhibition of EROD activity and an increase of UDPG T and GST genes expression and activities compared to controls. A decrease of StAR and P450scc genes was also observed in TNT exposed eels. Finally concerning gills, branchial lifting was evident at the lowest TNT concentration (0.5 mg/L) while lamellar aneurisms, vascular congestion, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the epithelium were evident at 2.5 mg/L. Our results highlighted the concern related to the release of TNT on the seabed: the inhibition of EROD activity may result in an increased susceptibility of the organism to P450 inducers such as dioxins and PAH. TNT also seems to affect fish neurosteroidogenesis by downregulating key enzymes (StAR and P450scc genes). Gills seem to be a target organ for TNT in fish. The present research provided relevant information on TNT metabolism/toxicity and indicated sensitive targets of TNT toxicity in fish species.

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Fate and the Biochemical Effects of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Exposure to Tiger Salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum)

Cited by 43 publications

References 20 publications

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

First observations of histopathological effects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in gills of European eel Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758)

Acute sublethal effects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) on the European eelAnguilla anguilla(Linnaeus, 1758)

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