Fate and Occurrence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives in Water and Sediment from Songhua River, Northeast China

Abstract

The Songhua River is one of the most populated and oldest industrial areas in Northeast China. To understand the sources and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives, such as 16 priority (PAHs), 33 methylated (Me-PAHs), and 12 nitrated (NPAHs) in river water and sediment, were noticed. The concentrations of ∑PAHs, ∑Me-PAHs, and ∑NPAHs in river water scaled from 135 to 563, 9.36 to 711, and 1.26 to 64.7 ng L−1, with mean values of 286, 310, and 17.9 ng L−1, and those in sediments were from 35.8 to 2000 ng g−1, 0.62 to 394 ng g−1, and 0.28 to 176 ng g−1 (dry weight) with mean values of 283, 103, and 21.7 ng g−1. The compositions proved that two-ring and three-ring compounds of PAHs, NPAHs, and four-ring, six-ring of Me-PAHs were prevalent in water samples; in contrast, four-ring dominated in sediments. Principal components analysis (PCA) and diagnostic ratios confirmed that pollutant source was mixed petrogenic and pyrogenic origin. The fugacity fraction (ƒƒ) was also calculated to explain the trend of sediment–water exchange, high ƒƒ values found in summer, for most HMW PAHs and Me-PAHs that these substances acted as a secondary source of emissions from sediment to water. The risk assessment for water was categorized as high.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in estuarine sediments as a consequence of the mine tailings remobilization and transport in the Rio Doce basin

“…Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can be divided roughly into two classes: pyrogenic and petrogenic, from combustion and petrochemicals, respectively. Two ratios most often used to determine the source of PAHs in river water are ANT/(PHE + ANT) and FLU/(FLU + PYR) (Chen et al, 2020; Guo et al, 2007; Lin et al, 2016; Mohammed et al, 2021). Other ratios widely applied in different environments are IcdP/(IcdP + BghiP) and BaA/(BaA + CHY; Ashayeri et al, 2018; Neira et al, 2017; Wang et al, 2020; Yunker et al, 2002).…”

Seasonal distribution, source identification, health and eco-toxicological risk assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and sediment from the Danube River in Hungary

“…Rivers, especially those in regions with heavy human activities, play a crucial role in transferring and transforming numerous contaminants and serve as an important connection between terrestrial and marine ecosystems [7]. Rivers are signi cant conduits for the entry of land-based natural materials and pollutants directly into the seas; approximately 85% of the materials from land are transferred to the sea in several ways, such as municipal and industrial e uents, atmospheric deposition, riverine runoff, urban and agricultural runoff, sewage outfalls, and petrogenic sources [8][9][10]. Among these materials, PAHs constitute a pervasive class of chemicals generated by the fusion of two or more aromatic rings of hydrogen and carbon atoms in diverse con gurations [11].…”