Fat digestion in the neonate

Manson, William; Weaver, Lawrence T.

doi:10.1136/fn.76.3.f206

Cited by 49 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In adults it is thought that gut phospholipases release free choline from PtdCho and SM, with phosphodiesterases releasing it from GPC and PC. Whether these enzymes are active in the newborn gut is uncertain [19]. In addition pancreatic lipases are relatively de®cient at this time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the choline content of human breast milk in the first 3 weeks after birth

Holmes¹,

Snodgrass

Iles³

2000

European Journal of Pediatrics

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the choline content of human breast milk in the first 3 weeks after birth

Holmes¹,

Snodgrass

Iles³

2000

European Journal of Pediatrics

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“…This study was, however, carried out on 14-d-old infants, and the average efficiency of digestion and absorption shows a marginal increase later in infancy (Zoppi et al 1972;Manson & Weaver, 1997). In adults, the use of the modified Atwater factors is a generally valid means of correcting gross energy to metabolisable energy (Southgate & Durnin, 1970), with group mean estimates of metabolisability of 90 -93 % of gross energy for adults on typical Western diets, and a metabolisability of approximately 96 % for milk.…”

Section: Corrections Made To Published Evidencementioning

confidence: 96%

Metabolisable energy consumption in the exclusively breast-fed infant aged 3–6 months from the developed world: a systematic review

2005

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The present study aimed to evaluate evidence on metabolisable energy consumption and pattern of consumption with age in infants in the developed world who were exclusively breast-fed, at around the time of introducing complementary feeding. We carried out a systematic review aimed at answering three questions: how much milk is transferred from mother to infant?; does transfer increase with the age of the infant?; and what is the metabolisable energy content of breast milk? Thirty-three eligible studies of 1041 mother-infant pairs reported transfer at 3-4 months of age, the weighted mean transfer being 779 (SD 40) g/d. Six studies (99 pairs) measured transfer at 5 months, with a weighted mean transfer of 827 (SD 39) g/d. Five studies (72 pairs) measured milk transfer at 6 months, reporting a weighted mean transfer of 894 (SD 87) g/d. Nine longitudinal studies reported no significant increases in milk transfer after 2-4 months. Twenty-five studies on breast-milk energy content were based on 777 mother-infant pairs. The weighted mean metabolisable energy content was 2·6 (SD 0·2) kJ/g. Breast-milk metabolisable energy content is probably lower, and breast-milk transfer slightly higher, than is usually assumed. Longitudinal studies do not support the hypothesis that breast-milk transfer increases markedly with age. More research on energy intake in 5-6-month-old exclusively breast-fed infants is necessary, and information on the metabolisability of breast milk in mid-infancy is desirable. This evidence should inform future recommendations on infant feeding and help to identify research needs in infant energy balance. Infant nutrition: Breast feeding: Complementary feeding: Energy metabolismThe evidence base for many infant-feeding recommendations is currently limited (Michaelsen et al. 2000;Lanigan et al. 2001;Kramer & Kakuma, 2002). For example, a review on the possible adequacy of breast milk to meet energy and nutrient requirements up to the age of 6 months noted a lack of published evidence on infant energy intake with which to address this question and called for further research (Butte et al. 2002). We were also aware that many implicit but important assumptions (about breast-milk transfer, metabolisability and energy content, for example) have commonly been made in the literature, and these assumptions have been repeated and widely used in infant-feeding recommendations. The assumptions have not generally been formally tested, and it is widely recognised that more evidencebased approaches to the issue would be helpful (Michaelsen et al. 2000;Lanigan et al. 2001;Kramer & Kakuma, 2002).Before embarking on a new research project on energy balance in infancy, we had the opportunity to test the evidence base on critical energy-balance variables by conducting a systematic review of studies on exclusively breast-fed infants over the period when complementary feeding is usually introduced. 'Exclusive breast-feeding' is defined in WHO terms as feeding exclusively with breast milk (World Health Organization, 1995), wit...

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“…In human milk, and in most infant formulas, ca 50% of the dietary calories are supplied to the newborn as fat, and more than 98% of milk fat is in the form of triglycerides (TG), which contain saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids esterified to glycerol (Manson & Weaver, 1997;Giovannini et al, 1995;Small, 1991). Human milk contains both parent essential fatty acids (linoleic and a-linolenic acids) and very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty acid and sn-2 fatty acid composition in human milk from Granada (Spain) and in infant formulas

et al. 2002

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Objective: To investigate differences in fatty acid and sn-2 fatty acid composition in colostrum, transitional and mature human milk, and in term infant formulas. Setting: Departament de Nutrició i Bromatologia, University of Barcelona, Spain and University Hospital of Granada, Spain. Subjects: One-hundred and twenty mothers and 11 available types of infant formulas for term infants. Design: We analysed the fatty acid composition of colostrum (n ¼ 40), transitional milk (n ¼ 40), mature milk (n ¼ 40) and 11 infant formulas. We also analysed the fatty acid composition at sn-2 position in colostrum (n ¼ 12), transitional milk (n ¼ 12), mature milk (n ¼ 12), and the 11 infant formulas. Results: Human milk in Spain had low saturated fatty acids, high monounsaturated fatty acids and high linolenic acid. Infant formulas and mature human milk had similar fatty acid composition. In mature milk, palmitic acid was preferentially esterified at the sn-2 position (86.25%), and oleic and linoleic acids were predominantly esterified at the sn-1,3 positions (12.22 and 22.27%, respectively, in the sn-2 position). In infant formulas, palmitic acid was preferentially esterified at the sn-1,3 positions and oleic and linoleic acids had higher percentages at the sn-2 position than they do in human milk. Conclusion: Fatty acid composition of human milk in Spain seems to reflect the Mediterranean dietary habits of mothers. Infant formulas resemble the fatty acid profile of human milk, but the distribution of fatty acids at the sn-2 position is markedly different.

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Fat digestion in the neonate

Cited by 49 publications

References 36 publications

Changes in the choline content of human breast milk in the first 3 weeks after birth

Changes in the choline content of human breast milk in the first 3 weeks after birth

Metabolisable energy consumption in the exclusively breast-fed infant aged 3–6 months from the developed world: a systematic review

Fatty acid and sn-2 fatty acid composition in human milk from Granada (Spain) and in infant formulas

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