Fat and Protein Intakes and Risk of Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage among Middle-aged Japanese

Abstract

The authors examined the relation between low intakes of saturated fat and animal protein and risk of intraparenchymal hemorrhage in a 14-year prospective study (ending in 1997) of 4,775 Japanese aged 40-69 years who undertook a single 24-hour dietary recall. Compared with the highest quartile of energy-adjusted saturated fat intake (median, 17 g/day), multivariate relative risks, after adjustment for age, sex, community, total energy intake, and known cardiovascular risk factors, were 0.77 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.42, 1.42) for the second quartile (12 g/day), 0.66 (95% CI: 0.34, 1.25) for the third quartile (8 g/day), and 0.30 (95% CI: 0.12, 0.71) for the lowest quartile (5 g/day); p for trend = 0.005. An inverse relation was observed among both hypertensives and nonhypertensives; the respective relative risks with a one standard deviation increase in saturated fat intake (15.4 g/day) were 0.72 (95% CI: 0.52, 1.00) and 0.36 (95% CI: 0.14, 0.95). Intake of animal protein tended to correlate inversely with risk; the relative risk with a one standard deviation increase in animal protein intake (17.6 g/day) was 0.79 (95% CI: 0.61, 1.02); p = 0.07. Results are similar to those recently reported for US women and together help to explain the high rate of this stroke subtype in Asian countries, where intakes of these nutrients are low.

Correlates of regular fish consumption in French elderly community dwellers: data from the Three-City study

“…These controversial results suggest a lack of control for confounding, in particular for intake of fruit and vegetables, which were also associated with a decreased risk of all stroke types in the latter study (Sauvaget et al, 2003b). On the other hand, a very low consumption of saturated fat, whose intake correlated positively with that of n-3 PUFA, was independently associated with increased risk of intracerebral haemorrhage (Iso et al, 2003). Thus overall fat intake must be considered when analyzing the relationship between fish consumption, stroke, and vascular dementia.…”

Lifestyle and Cardiovascular Disease in Japan

“…Further adjustment for nutritional factors weakened the associations, but the inverse associations of animal protein intake with systolic blood pressure remained statistically significant. The findings of a 14-year prospective study of 4,775 men and women aged 40-69 years indicated that animal protein intake tends to be inversely associated with the risk of intraparenchymal hemorrhage, since the hazard ratio with a one-standard deviation increase in animal protein intake (17.6 g/day) was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.61-1.02; p 0.07) 21) .…”

“…Nevertheless, the major ethnic differences in the prevalence of vascular pathology and cardiovascular disease may be in part due to differences in lifestyle, in particular in terms of the diet. Higher sodium, lower calcium and lower animal protein intake and, for men, higher alcohol consumption may contribute to the higher prevalence of hypertension and higher risk of stroke in Japanese [16][17][18][19][20][21] . On the other hand, lower saturated fat (meat) and higher n3 polyunsaturated fat (fish) intake may contribute to the lower prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and lower risk of CHD in Japanese 22,23) .…”

Outcome of the Public consultation on the Draft Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies (NDA) on Dietary Reference Values for fats, including saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol

“…Some studies suggest that high intake of PUFA could have a negative effect on oxidation process and inflammatory mechanism involved in the stability of the plaque (Thies et al, 2003). Epidemiological studies show that saturated fat is either associated to a significant decreased risk of stroke (Framingham Study -ischemic stroke, Gilman, 1997; Nurses" Health study -hemorrhagic stroke, Iso, 2001; Japanese cohort of 4500 subjectshemorrhagic stroke, Iso, 2003) or no related to the risk of stroke (Health professional Study, ¿ Line 1632 What are the selection criteria for selecting only those four studies?…”