Fat and Fatty Acid Intake and Metabolic Effects in the Human Body

Effect of low doses of long-chain n−3 PUFAs on endothelial function and arterial stiffness: a randomized controlled trial

“…Vegetarians depend on an intake of a-linolenic acid to meet their requirements for n23 PUFAs. Dietary a-linolenic acid is not readily converted to DHA and has different effects from those of n23 LC-PUFAs on several surrogate risk factors for cardiovascular disease (39,40). However, evidence from prospective cohort and case-control studies (41,42) indicates that the intake of a-linolenic acid is associated with a decreased risk of sudden cardiac death.…”

Fats and Fatty Acid Requirements for Adults

“…On the other hand, there is convincing evidence that insulin sensitivity and characteristics of metabolic syndrome can be improved by regular physical activity and a reduction in body weight [Sanders, 2009].…”

“…The MAL for n-3 LCPUFA is by 3 g/day, because high supplement intakes of n-3 LCPUFAs have been demonstrated to reduce cytokine production and increase lipid peroxidation. High supplement intakes of n-3 LCPUFAs ( 1 3 g/day) have been demonstrated to reduce cytokine production [Meydani, 2000;Vedin et al, 2008;Sanders, 2009], whereas the requirement for antioxidants (i.e., tocopherol) is increased [Elmadfa and Schwalbe, 1989].…”

Dietary intake of saturated fat by food source and incident cardiovascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

“…However, despite convincing evidence that SF consumption raises plasma LDL in humans and causes atherosclerosis in animal models (2), findings from many prospective cohort studies have not supported any significant association between SF intake and risk of CVD (3,4). A recent meta-analysis that included 16 prospective cohort studies showed pooled RR estimates (95% CIs) for extreme quintiles of SF intake of 1.07 (0.96, 1.19) for coronary heart disease (CHD), 0.81 (0.62, 1.05) for stroke, and 1.00 (0.89, 1.11) for total CVD in participants 30-89 y of age (4).…”