Fast time-domain current measurement for quantum dot charge sensing using a homemade cryogenic transimpedance amplifier

Abstract

We developed a high-speed and low-noise time-domain current measurement scheme using a homemade GaAs high-electron-mobility-transistor-based cryogenic transimpedance amplifier (TIA). The scheme is versatile for broad cryogenic current measurements, including semiconductor spin-qubit readout, owing to the TIA's having low input impedance comparable to that of commercial room-temperature TIAs. The TIA has a broad frequency bandwidth and a low noise floor, with a trade-off between them governed by the feedback resistance RFB. A lower RFB of 50 kΩ enables high-speed current measurement with a −3 dB cutoff frequency f−3dB = 28 MHz and noise-floor NF = 8.5 × 10−27 A2/Hz, while a larger RFB of 400 kΩ provides low-noise measurement with NF = 1.0 × 10−27 A2/Hz and f−3dB = 4.5 MHz. Time-domain measurement of a 2-nA peak-to-peak square wave, which mimics the output of the standard spin-qubit readout technique via charge sensing, demonstrates a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 12.7, with the time resolution of 48 ns, for RFB = 200 kΩ, which compares favorably with the best-reported values for the radio frequency reflectometry technique. The time resolution can be further improved at the cost of the SNR (or vice versa) by using an even smaller (larger) RFB, with a further reduction in the noise figure possible by limiting the frequency band with a low-pass filter. Our scheme is best suited for readout electronics for cryogenic sensors that require a high time resolution and current sensitivity and, thus, provides a solution for various fundamental research and industrial applications.

Silicon spin qubits from laboratory to industry

“…The challenge with this approach is designing an amplifier compatible with the limited cooling power available below 100 mK, typically on the order of 100 µW [125]. The development of amplifiers with minimised power dissipation per unit gain, and investigations into the effects of placing them close to quantum hardware is an ongoing effort [126][127][128][129], with one demonstration of charge state readout achieving 99.9% fidelity in an integration time of 6 µs [130]. The state of the art for spin readout with the SET is 99.56% in 670 µs (Elzerman spin-to-charge conversion), using two separate HEMT amplifiers at the 1 K and 4 K stages of the refrigerator [131].…”