Fast and simple method for screening of single-stranded DNA breaking photosensitizers using graphene oxide

Abstract

A fast and simple method for screening of ssDNA-breaking photosensitizers was developed using graphene oxide. The ultraviolet light-induced DNA breaks are one of the most harmful DNA damages and cause skin cancer if they are left unrepaired. Since graphene oxide showed relatively strong affinity to the broken DNA than intact DNA, and it quenched fluorescence of the DNA labeling dye effectively, the degree of ultraviolet light-induced broken DNAs could be analyzed by measuring decreased fluorescence after mixing the DNA with graphene oxide. The decrease of fluorescence was highly correlated with the ultraviolet light-irradiating time and concentration of the added drugs. As a result, it was possible to evaluate the efficacy of different ssDNA-breaking photosensitizers in a high-throughput manner. However, conventional methods for the damaged-DNA analysis are time-consuming and require additional manipulations such as purification, radio-labeling, enzymatic digestion, or chemical modification of DNA. The phototoxicity of five drugs such as benzophenone, ketoprofen, indomethacin, naproxen, and norfloxacin was tested using the proposed method. The ssDNA-breaking efficiency of the drugs was well matched with reported efficiency of the tested drugs. In contrast to naked gold nanoparticles, graphene oxide is stably dispersed in the presence of salt, the phototoxicity of the drugs could be successfully tested at a physiological condition using the graphene oxide based method.

Ketoprofen Combined with UVA Irradiation Exerts Higher Selectivity in the Mode of Action against Melanotic Melanoma Cells than against Normal Human Melanocytes

“…In the phototoxic dermatitis, the photosensitizing agent, once triggered by UVR, straightway damages the tissue. One of the drugs with phototoxic properties is ketoprofen (KTP), classified as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is widely used in the pharmaceutical field, mainly because of its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties [ 13 , 14 ]. Topical ketoprofen is used to cure the pain and inflammation illnesses such as tendonitis, small joint osteoarthritis, back pain, phlebitis, and acute minor trauma (sprains, bruising) [ 15 , 16 ].…”

Magnetic-Assisted Cell Alignment within a Magnetic Nanoparticle-Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide/Collagen 3D Nanocomposite Hydrogel

“…Moreover, graphene-based materials have been used to monitor the differentiation of neuronal cells [24,25,26,27]. Graphene oxide (GO) and its reduced form (rGO) are characterized by the presence of a variable amount of oxygen-containing functional groups (mainly hydroxyls and epoxies) in the lattice of sp 2 -bonded carbon atoms [28,29,30]. These groups enhance their hydrophilicity and adsorptive properties and, hence, have excellent biocompatibility.…”