Family history in recurrent depression

Kupfer, David J.; Frank, Ellen; Carpenter, Linda L.; Neiswanger, Kathy

doi:10.1016/0165-0327(89)90033-5

Cited by 80 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Adoption studies have also con®rmed an important role for genetic risk factors in the development of MDD [Mendlewicz and Rainer, 1977;Cadoret, 1978;Wender et al, 1986]. Consistent with these results, a large number of family studies have demonstrated an increased risk of MDD among relatives of MDD probands, with about a twofold increased risk to ®rst-degree relatives [Baron et al, 1982;Gershon et al, 1982;Weissman et al, 1984a;Bland et al, 1986, Stancer et al, 1987McGuf®n et al, 1988;Kupfer et al, 1989;Moldin et al, 1991]. Early age of onset of the ®rst major depressive episode [Mendlewicz and Baron, 1981;Weissman et al, 1984bWeissman et al, , 1986aBland et al, 1986;Price et al, 1987;Kupfer et al, 1989] as well as recurrence [Bland et al, 1986;Rice et al, 1987;Kendler et al, 1993bKendler et al, , 1994 are independent factors that increase the morbid risk of MDD among family members.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Malignancy of recurrent, early‐onset major depression: A family study

et al. 2001

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Coordinated efforts to identify susceptibility genes for unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) and related disorders are now underway. These studies have focused on recurrent, early-onset MDD (RE-MDD), the most heritable form of this disorder. The goal of this study was to characterize the burden of MDD and other mood disorders, comorbid mental disorders, and excess mortality in RE-MDD families. A total of 81 families were identified through probands over the age of 18, who met criteria for recurrent (> or = 2 episodes), early-onset (< or = 25 years), nonpsychotic, unipolar MDD (RE-MDD), and included 407 first-degree relatives and 835 extended relatives. Psychiatric diagnoses for probands and their family members who provided blood samples were formulated from structured personal interviews, structured family history assessments, and available medical records. The remaining family members who participated and those who were deceased were evaluated through the family history method augmented by available medical records. Best estimate diagnoses were made during a consensus conference according to established diagnostic criteria. Approximately half of the first-degree relatives and a quarter of extended relatives of RE-MDD probands suffered from at least one mood disorder, typically MDD. As commonly observed for other oligogenic, multifactorial disorders, the severity of MDD reflected by age at onset and number of episodes attenuated with increasing familial/genetic distance from the proband. A substantial fraction of RE-MDD probands and their first-degree relatives met diagnostic criteria for additional psychiatric disorders that include prominent disturbances of mood. The deceased relatives of RE-MDD probands died at a median age that was 8 years earlier than for the local population; over 40% died before reaching age 65. These differences in mortality statistics resulted from a shift toward younger ages at death across the lifespan, including a fivefold increase in the proportion of individuals who died in the first year of life. Several-fold increases in the proportion of deaths by suicide, homicide, and liver disease were observed among the relatives of RE-MDD probands. However, the rank order of the three most common causes of death-heart disease, cancer, and stroke-remained unchanged and differences in the proportions of deaths from the remaining causes were small. RE-MDD is a strongly familial condition with a high rate of psychiatric comorbidity, whose malignant effects have a significant negative impact on the health and longevity of patients and their family members.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Malignancy of recurrent, early‐onset major depression: A family study

et al. 2001

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“…A third possibility is that there is something different about individuals with a history of childhood or adolescent depression that conveys specific risk for their children. Depression that begins early in life tends to have a chronic and severe course (Harrington, Fudge, Rutter, Pickles, & Hill, 1990;Kovacs et al, 1984;Newman et al, 1996;Weissman et al, 1999), and when parents have had an early age of onset, depression in offspring has an early age of depression onset and high severity (Bland, Newman, & Orn, 1986;Kupfer, Frank, Carpenter, & Neiswanger, 1989;Moldin, Reich, & Rice, 1991;Price, Kidd, & Weissman, 1987;Weissman et al, 1987). The infants of parents with early-onset depression could have a fundamental diathesis toward internalizing behavior problems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant Affect During Parent—Infant Interaction at 3 and 6 Months: Differences Between Mothers and Fathers and Influence of Parent History of Depression

Forbes¹,

Cohn²,

Allen

et al. 2004

Infancy

110

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Fifty families participated in mother-and father-infant still-face interaction at infant ages 3 and 6 months as part of a study of affect in early parent-infant relationships. Infants' positive and negative affect and parents' positive affect and physical play were coded from videotapes. Consistent with previous research, during the normal condition, mothers displayed more positive affect than did fathers, and fathers were more likely than mothers to display physical play. Infants were more positive with mothers than with fathers. Parents' positive affect but not parent gender predicted infants' positive affect at 6 months. During the still-face condition, infants of parents with a lifetime history of depression were more likely to display negative affect and less likely to display positive affect than infants with no such parent history. Infants' affect was unrelated to parents' current level of depressive symptoms, which indicates the value of considering family history of psychopathology when examining individual differences in infants' affect.

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“…Under this model the relatives of male probands will be more frequently affected, because in them the loading of familial factors will be greater (Carter, 1969). In practice, the relatives of male depressives are not at higher risk than the relatives of female depressives (Merikangas et al 1985 ;Kupfer et al 1989), so it seems that the sex ratio must be explained in terms of extra-familial influences. This still allows for genetic effects in the transmission of depression, merely averring that they do not cause the sex difference.…”

Section: No Role For Geneticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex and depression

Bebbington¹

1998

Psychol. Med.

171

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Sex differences in rates of depressive disorder have not been convincingly explained, and this reflects a more general failure of research to provide a comprehensive aetiological account of depression. The difference can be used as a probe for evaluating the research base of integrative models of depressive disorder (e.g. Akiskal & McKinney, 1975). It is particularly likely to be illuminating if the causes of the sex difference do not overlap completely the causes of depression itself. While there have been many reviews in the area (Weissman & Klerman, 1977; Kessler & McRae, 1981; Wolk & Weissman, 1995; Bebbington, 1996), this point has not been adequately expressed.Several lines of investigation are necessary for assessing the relative importance of social, psychological and biological influences: the epidemiological study of macrosocial variables and of age effects; temperament, personality, and attributional and coping styles; the experience of psychosocial adversity; and the possibility of increased susceptibility to some forms of stress in women. Both the tendency to affiliation and the requirement for social support may differ by sex. The particular strains of the roles available to women may increase their risk of depression. Possible genetic explanations of the sex difference are of special relevance because of their implications for biological differences. The latter can also be studied directly: hormonal theories in particular must be evaluated.

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Family history in recurrent depression

Cited by 80 publications

References 16 publications

Malignancy of recurrent, early‐onset major depression: A family study

Malignancy of recurrent, early‐onset major depression: A family study

Infant Affect During Parent—Infant Interaction at 3 and 6 Months: Differences Between Mothers and Fathers and Influence of Parent History of Depression

Sex and depression

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