False negative single antigen bead assay: Is it always an effect of prozone?

Abstract

In highly sensitized patients serial dilution should be considered during a transplant work-up to avoid missing any underlying antibodies. Serum dilution can be used as first option to circumvent prozone. Also, interference of other antibodies should not be labeled as prozone effect.

Bactericidal activity of anti-ABO antibodies in isolated colonies from Escherichia coli

“…According to the terminal atomic structure this isomeric characteristic can be divid-ed into levogyrous and dextrogyrous. In the case of antibodies, depending on structural fluctuations, the isometry may influence the affinity between bacterial antigens and anti-ABO antibodies, which can make it weaker and interfere with the opsonization of bacteria, according to Jain et al (2017) and Jacobs et al (2015). Although neither the study of the atomic isometry of bacterial antigens nor the light chain of human immunoglobulins has been carried out, this research hypothesizes that when bacterial dilution was performed, there was a decline in antigen-antibody affinity.…”

Novel insights in the clinical management of hyperimmune patients before and after transplantation

“…Furthermore, SPIs false-negative results due to the presence of high concentrations of complement components and/or high IgM levels in the serum interfere with reporter binding can be minimized by using ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) or dithiothreitol (DDT) ( Visentin et al, 2016 ). Other techniques to minimize the interfering effect of complement or prozone include heat inactivation or dilution ( Jain et al, 2018 ).…”

Enhancing Precision of the Single-antigen Bead (SAB) Assay: Considerations and Challenges

“…The prozone effect can be alleviated by diluting the serum, which eliminates inhibitory factors and allows the reporter antibody to regain its ability to bind to the antigen-antibody complex attached to the beads. 9,10 Various interventions can be employed to minimize this form of inhibition. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, dithiothreitol, and heat treatment are commonly utilized techniques in HLA laboratories to effectively mitigate this inhibition.…”