Falls in Children and Youth

Garrettson, Lorne K.; Gallagher, Susan Scavo

doi:10.1016/s0031-3955(16)34763-0

Cited by 46 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…All parameters are reduced when rubber or turf are used. This supports earlier studies [4,34] documenting that energy absorbing surfacing is more important than actual fall height in determining injury risk. Even though turf gives the lowest injury related values, turf cannot be recommended for playground surfaces [32] since its energy absorbing properties decline rapidly with use and repeated impacts.…”

Section: 1supporting

confidence: 90%

Comparative multibody dynamics analysis of falls from playground climbing frames

Rueda

Gilchrist

2009

Forensic Science International

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This paper shows the utility of multibody dynamics in evaluating changes in injury related parameters of the head and lower limbs of children following falls from playground climbing frames. A particular fall case was used as a starting point to analyze the influence of surface properties, posture of the body at impact, and intermediate collisions against the climbing frame before impacting the ground. Simulations were made using the 6-year-old pedestrian MADYMO rigid body model and scaled head contact characteristics. Energy absorbing surfaces were shown to reduce injury severity parameters by up to 30-80% of those of rigid surfaces, depending on impact posture and surface. Collisions against components of a climbing frame during a fall can increase injury severity of the final impact of the head with the ground by more than 90%. Negligible changes are associated with lower limb injury risks when different surfacing materials are used. Computer reconstructions of actual falls that are intended to quantify the severity of physical injuries rely on accurate knowledge of initial conditions prior to falling, intermediate kinematics of the fall and the orientation of the body when it impacts against the ground. Multibody modelling proved to be a valuable tool to analyze the quality of eye-witness information and analyze the relative injury risk associated with changes in components influencing fall injuries from playground climbing frames. Such simulations can also support forensic investigations by evaluating alternative hypotheses for the sequence of kinematic motion of falls which result in known injuries.

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Section: 1supporting

confidence: 90%

Comparative multibody dynamics analysis of falls from playground climbing frames

Rueda

Gilchrist

2009

Forensic Science International

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“…Therefore, home and property owners should be encouraged to provide bushes or plant beds under windows, instead of concrete, to soften the landing surface. 14,26 Falls onto such morecushioning surfaces resulted in fewer head injuries and more favorable disposition from the ED in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Initial studies were performed with large urban populations, primarily in New York, New York, and Chicago, Illinois. Children living in high-density, multifamily, housing structures and high-rise buildings were thought to be at greater risk of serious injury resulting from window falls.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pediatric Injuries Attributable to Falls From Windows in the United States in 1990–2008

2011

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT:Preschool-aged children have the highest risk of falling from windows, boys fall more frequently than girls, and the number of falls from windows peaks during warmer months. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:This study is the first to use a nationally representative sample of children treated in US hospital emergency departments, over a 19-year period, to identify risk factors and trends for pediatric window fall-related injuries.abstract OBJECTIVE: To examine the epidemiological features of pediatric injuries related to falls from windows. METHODS:By using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, emergency department (ED) data for pediatric injury cases associated with window falls in 1990 -2008 were reviewed. RESULTS:An estimated 98 415 children (95% confidence interval [CI]: 82 416 -114 419) were treated in US hospital EDs for window fallrelated injuries during the 19-year study period (average: 5180 patients per year [95% CI: 4828 -5531]). The mean age of children was 5.1 years, and boys accounted for 58.1% of cases. One-fourth (25.4%) of the patients required admission to the hospital. The annual injury rate decreased significantly during the study period because of a decrease in the annual injury rate among 0-to 4-year-old children. Children 0 to 4 years of age were more likely to sustain head injuries (injury proportion ratio [IPR] CONCLUSIONS:To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate window fall-related injuries treated in US hospital EDs by using a nationally representative sample. These injuries are an important pediatric public health problem, and increased prevention efforts are needed, including development and evaluation of innovative prevention programs. Pediatrics 2011;128:455-462

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“…Falls from heights greater than 2 stories can include falls from roofs, windows, and balconies. [5][6][7] The purpose of this statement is to review the epidemiology of falls from heights in children and to suggest strategies for prevention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[5][6][7] In some urban areas, falls have represented up to 20% of the deaths of children from unintentional injury, as compared with an average of 1% to 4% nationally. 1,8,9 The majority of fall-related fatalities among children are associated with falls from heights, most from 3 stories or higher.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Falls From Heights: Windows, Roofs, and Balconies

2001

Pediatrics

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ABSTRACT. Falls of all kinds represent an important cause of child injury and death. In the United States, approximately 140 deaths from falls occur annually in children younger than 15 years. Three million children require emergency department care for fall-related injuries. This policy statement examines the epidemiology of falls from heights and recommends preventive strategies for pediatricians and other child health care professionals. Such strategies involve parent counseling, community programs, building code changes, legislation, and environmental modification, such as the installation of window guards and balcony railings.

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Falls in Children and Youth

Cited by 46 publications

References 32 publications

Comparative multibody dynamics analysis of falls from playground climbing frames

Comparative multibody dynamics analysis of falls from playground climbing frames

Pediatric Injuries Attributable to Falls From Windows in the United States in 1990–2008

Falls From Heights: Windows, Roofs, and Balconies

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