Arguably, the tradition of democratic republican theory which arose in the Dutch Republic in the years around 1660 in the writings of Johan and Pieter de la Court, Franciscus van den Enden and Spinoza played a decisively important role in the development of modern democratic political theory. The tradition did not end with Spinoza but continued to develop in the United Provinces and -in the work of Bernard Mandeville, who seemingly belongs more to the Dutch than the British republican tradition -in London, down to the early 18th century. The failure in most histories of republicanism to appreciate how strikingly different intellectually, and as an ideology, the Dutch tradition was from the Anglo-American republican tradition, has had the effect of obscuring its central importance in the development of radical republicanism in mid-and late 18th-century France. key words: democratic republicanism, Dutch Republic, freedom of the individual, radical enlightenment, Spinozism, tolerationThe western academic world has, of course, long taken a keen interest in the theoretical origins of what is everywhere regarded as probably the most important single component in the make-up of 'modernity', namely the concept of the democratic republic based on equality, toleration and freedom of the individual. Not unnaturally, the search has focused in particular on the intellectual contexts of the English, American and French revolutions. Indeed, in terms of political theory, the discussion has revolved almost entirely around English, American and -albeit perhaps to a lesser extent -French themes and ideas.Yet it is possible to question whether all the major elements of the picture have yet been taken into consideration. Certainly, there are relevant intellectual traditions which have been noticeably played down. In the years since the many affinities linking the political ideas of the Brothers de la Court with those of Spinoza -and Spinoza's extensive use of the writings of the de la Courts in article 7