“…Nevertheless, these early designs have various shortcomings including cell loss (even though cell loss is used as a congestion signal to compute the rate factor, e.g., [12]), queue size fluctuations, poor network latency, stability and low utilization. Later, FLC was used in Random Early Detection (RED) algorithm in TCP/IP networks, e.g., [13], [14], to reduce packet loss rate and improve utilization. However, they are still providing implicit or imprecise congestion signaling, and therefore cannot overcome the throughput fluctuations and conservative behavior of TCP sources.…”