Fading in lightwave systems due to polarization-mode dispersion

Poole, C. D.; Tkach, R.W.; Chraplyvy, A. R.; Fishman, D.A.

doi:10.1364/ofc.1990.tui3

Cited by 22 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…For comparison, others have reported a range of DGD correlation times under various fiber conditions. For spools of fiber in a laboratory environment, correlation times of about 30 min on 31.6 km of fiber [16] and 3 h on a 10-km fiber [17] have been reported. DGD variations on a 48-km aerial cable exhibited time scales ranging from 5 to 90 min, depending the air temperature rate of change [18].…”

Section: Temporal Behavior Of Dgdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measured temporal and spectral PMD characteristics and their implications for network-level mitigation approaches

Allen

Kondamuri

Richards³

et al. 2003

J. Lightwave Technol.

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Abstract-Signal degradation due to polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) effects may become significant for signaling rates of 10 Gb/s, 40 Gb/s, and beyond. To assess the utility of various PMD mitigation schemes, temporal and spectral measurements of differential group delay (DGD) were made on 95 km of buried standard single-mode fiber over an 86-d period to determine the distribution and rate of change of high-DGD events. As expected, statistical analysis of variations in DGD indicate that excursions from the mean DGD by factors of 3.7 or higher have very low probability. For this link, the DGD varied slowly with time (having a drift time of about 3.4 d) and rapidly with wavelength. The DGD data agree well with results of similar experiments reported in the literature. Statistical analysis of the measured DGD data shows that high-DGD episodes will be exceedingly rare and short-lived. The impact of PMD on network operations is explored and approaches to ensure network reliability are reviewed for network operators given the task of transporting high-bit-rate channels over fiber links with known PMD characteristics.

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Section: Temporal Behavior Of Dgdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measured temporal and spectral PMD characteristics and their implications for network-level mitigation approaches

Allen

Kondamuri

Richards³

et al. 2003

J. Lightwave Technol.

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“…1 Since (8) is a forward difference equation, (9) must be interpreted in the sense of Ito [10], 2 which implies that (9) represents a diffusion process, and the evolution of the distribution function of , , is governed by the Fokker-Planck equation (10) Changing variables from to , where , one finds that is governed by the Fokker-Planck equation (11) where…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…T HE COMBINATION of polarization dependent loss, polarization dependent gain, and polarization mode dispersion can lead to fading, which degrades the performance of high-data-rate long-distance communication systems [1]- [5]. Polarization dependent gain impacts the performance by causing excess noise in the polarization state orthogonal to the signals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repolarization of polarization-scrambled optical signals due to polarization dependent loss

Menyuk¹,

Wang²,

Pilipetskii³

1997

11th International Conference on Integrated Optics and Optical Fibre Communications. 23rd European Conference on Optical Commun

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“…PMD accumulates in the fiber link [1] and many in-line components. It is time varying, temperature dependent and may change with the network reconfigurations [2]. Besides, the instantaneous first-order PMD, also known as differential group delay (DGD), follows a Maxwellian probability distribution, which induces the possibility of network outage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CD-insensitive PMD monitoring based on RF power measurement

Yang¹,

Chen²,

Cheng³

et al. 2011

Opt. Express

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Abstract:We propose and experimentally demonstrate a chromatic dispersion (CD)-insensitive first-order polarization mode dispersion (PMD) monitoring method based on radio-frequency (RF) power measurement. In high-speed (>10-GSym/s) transmission systems, a narrowband fiber Bragg grating (FBG) notch filter filters out the optical components at 10GHz away from the carrier. After square-law detection, the 10-GHz RF tone changes with PMD and is insensitive to CD, which can be used as a PMD monitoring signal. Compared with the monitoring techniques utilizing clock tone, the PMD measurement range is increased from 26.3-ps to 50-ps while the requirement of the bandwidth of photodetector is reduced from 19GHz to 10GHz in 19-Gsym/s systems. It is experimentally shown that this technique is efficient on CD-insensitive first-order PMD monitoring for 38-Gbit/s DQPSK and 57-Gbit/s D8PSK systems.

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Fading in lightwave systems due to polarization-mode dispersion

Cited by 22 publications

References 2 publications

Measured temporal and spectral PMD characteristics and their implications for network-level mitigation approaches

Measured temporal and spectral PMD characteristics and their implications for network-level mitigation approaches

Repolarization of polarization-scrambled optical signals due to polarization dependent loss

CD-insensitive PMD monitoring based on RF power measurement

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