Factors Underpinning Football Officiating Excellence: Perceptions of English Premier League Referees

Slack, Liam A.; Maynard, Ian; Butt, Joanne; Olusoga, Peter

doi:10.1080/10413200.2012.726935

Cited by 78 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…having a position in a game, a feeling for the game), and (g) achieving striving (e.g. take a lesson from gamefighting for excellent refereeing) [7]. It is noteworthy that findings from Slack et al's (2012) study have been similar with other studies' findings aiming to reveal attributes of mental toughness [15].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…elite athletes, runners, hockey players, soccer players, coaches, soccer referees), there are also specific attributes to each sport and the respective roles played [7,11,12,13,14]. For example, Slack et al, (2012) have studied referees to understand mental toughness in soccer officiating.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, such characteristics are not enough to achieve a complete performance. In fact, psychological variables also play a key role in reaching the expected refereeing performance [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Comparative Study of Sport Mental Toughness between Soccer Officials

Miçooğullari¹,

Gümüşdağ²,

Odek³

et al. 2017

ujer

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Gucciardi et al. (2009) [1] suggest that mental toughness is more a function of environment than domains, and as such, mental toughness is potentially important in any environment that requires performance setting, challenges, and adversities. Due to vital importance of mental toughness in sports and particularly in soccer, this paper focused on the comparison of sport mental toughness levels of soccer officials with their age group, education level, refereeing category and sports experience years. Mental toughness was checked by Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ). The SMTQ was applied to soccer officials (159 licensed referees) who all were registered to the Turkish Football Federation (TFF). The sample consisted of 146 male subjects, mean age was 29.10 years (SD = 7.54, range = 19-54) and 13 female subjects mean age was 22.82 years (SD = 4.71, range = 19-27). To determine the difference of Sport Mental Toughness level among soccer referees One-Way ANOVA was used for normal distribution and Scheffé Test was used for determining the differences across groups with through SPSS Package 21.0 and the significant level was set at 0.05. The findings of this research paper showed that there were significant differences between soccer officials' three sub-factors (confidence -constancycontrol) of mental toughness and their officiating experience years. This could be attributed to the fact that 15 and above years experienced officials were mentally tougher than those with 0-5 years' experience and those with 6-10 years' experience. There were not any significant differences between other variables (refereeing categories, education levels and age groups) of soccer officials and their mental toughness levels.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Comparative Study of Sport Mental Toughness between Soccer Officials

Miçooğullari¹,

Gümüşdağ²,

Odek³

et al. 2017

ujer

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In particular, participants considered mental strength, overcomes obstacles, achieve operate under pressure, determination and resilience/recovery as central attributes of mental toughness. In comparison with existing knowledge, the high centrality ratings assigned to determination and resilience converge with findings by Bull et al (2005), Coulter et al (2010), Gucciardi et al, 2008, Jones et al (2002, Slack et al, (2013) and Weinberg et al (2001), and the remaining central attributes represent unique components of mental toughness. On the other hand, positive emotions (happy), wellbeing, emotional openness, mental recovery/escape, selfishness and religious faith were rated as peripheral or non-important attributes to mental toughness.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 52%

Lay perceptions of mental toughness: Understanding conceptual similarities and differences between lay and sporting contexts

Sorensen¹,

Jarden²,

Schofield³

2016

Intnl. J. Wellbeing

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Abstract:The predominant focus on sporting populations has limited our conceptual understanding of mental toughness in lay contexts. On the basis of its wider benefits beyond sports, we sought to understand the central and peripheral attributes of mental toughness from a layperson's perspective. To this end, we employed a prototype analysis which consisted of two studies. In Study 1, a list of attributes of mental toughness was generated. In Study 2, these attributes were ranked for their centrality to mental toughness. Study 1 was an open-format questionnaire, where 138 laypeople generated a final list of 75 attributes of mental toughness. The most frequently mentioned attributes were self-belief, determination, perseverance, resilience and focus, which largely supported important attributes identified by athletes in existing mental toughness literature. Study 2 surveyed 136 laypeople, who identified mental strength, overcomes obstacles, achieves/operates under pressure, determination and resilience/recovery as the most central attributes to mental toughness. Although determination and resilience aligned with existing sporting accounts of mental toughness, the remaining attributes reflect differences in perception of mental toughness between sporting and lay contexts. Examination of peripherallyrated attributes provides insights into mental toughness as an enduring form of suffering. Overall, determination and resilience emerged as frequently mentioned, as well as highly central, and, as such, represent the foundation for a universal (i.e., not context-specific) understanding of mental toughness.

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“…Relativamente às características consideradas essenciais para ser um bom árbitro, os inquiridos realçaram os aspetos físicos, psicológi-cos e o conhecimento das leis do jogo, características estas que são amplamente reconhecidas pela literatura e sobre as quais tem incidido grande parte da investigação científica (Bradley & Noakes, 2013;Costa et al, 2013;da Silva, de los Santos, & Cabrera, 2012;da Silva, Oliveira, Brandão, Agreta, & Neto, 2013;Slack et al, 2013;Weston & Batterham, 2012). Ademais, atribuíram também significativa importância ao saber estar dentro e fora do futebol.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Representações, estímulos e constrangimentos do árbitro de futebol de 11

2016

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ARTIGO ORIGINAL | ORIGINAL ARTICLE RESUMOO objetivo do estudo foi conhecer as representações, estímulos e constrangimentos de árbitros portugueses de futebol de 11. Através da realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas foram inquiridos 19 árbi-tros. Os dados foram analisados através da técnica de análise de conteúdo com o software Nvivo 10. A análise dos resultados permitiu concluir que a representação do que é ser árbitro se consubstancia, sobretudo, pelo paixão e prazer pela atividade, sendo também atribuída significativa importância aos valores como a idoneidade, a isenção, responsabilidade, respeito e dignidade. Referiram que um bom árbitro apresenta não só uma boa condição física, mas também uma estrutura psicológica e um "saber estar" que potenciam o seu desempenho. A generalidade dos entrevistados sentia-se estimulada para o exercí-cio desta atividade, referindo o prazer e a possibilidade de progressão na carreira como os principais estímulos. Aqueles que não se sentiam estimulados consideraram que eram mal remunerados e pouco acompanhados e acarinhados pelos responsáveis da arbitragem. Os principais constrangimentos apontados foram os comportamentos agressivos de adeptos, dirigentes e público, as dificuldades de conciliação com a vida familiar e profissional, as dificuldades de progressão na carreira e a injustiça na avaliação do desempenho.Palavras-Chave: arbitragem, soccer, metodologia qualitativa ABSTRACT In the course of the study, the intention was to know the representations, stimulus and constraints of football referees. Nineteen referees were inquired using semi-structured interviews. Data was analyzed by content analysis method, using Nvivo 10 software. Result analysis allowed concluding that referees believe what represents themselves, mostly, is passion for football and enjoying their job. Values such as trustworthy, fairness, responsibility, respect and dignity are highly appreciated among them. It was referred that a good referee must be well prepared physically, but psychologically as well to enhance their performance. The majority of the interviewed feels encouraged to perform their referee activities, quoting career progression and appreciation for the job as main incentives. Those not encouraged, mentioned low salaries and not being respected or supported by other colleagues. These constraints have led the interviewers to consider quitting at some point.

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Factors Underpinning Football Officiating Excellence: Perceptions of English Premier League Referees

Cited by 78 publications

References 36 publications

Comparative Study of Sport Mental Toughness between Soccer Officials

Comparative Study of Sport Mental Toughness between Soccer Officials

Lay perceptions of mental toughness: Understanding conceptual similarities and differences between lay and sporting contexts

Representações, estímulos e constrangimentos do árbitro de futebol de 11

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