Factors Predisposing to The Formation of Degenerative Spondylolisthesis—A Narrative Review

Abstract

The relationship between various factors predisposing to the formation of spondylolisthesis, including degenerative spondylolisthesis, has been analyzed by many authors. However, not all observations are consistent. In this review, we identified factors whose impact on the prevalence of spondylolisthesis was most often mentioned in the literature. These included gender, age, bone mineral density, ethnic origin, and oophorectomy. The results were inclusive in terms of physical activity, pregnancy status, and use of hormone replacement therapy. Associations between diabetes and smoking were very poorly marked. The literature so far has identified a number of factors significantly affecting the incidence of degenerative spondylolisthesis. These include age, gender, body weight, ethnic origin, bone mineral density, and hormonal balance. Radiological parameters, which include iliac crest, pelvic tilt, pelvic incidence, sacral slope, and lumbar lordosis, may also be of great importance for assessing changes in the occurrence and progression. However, the authors do not agree on the real significance of individual factors. The aim of this review was to identify the factors predisposing to the formation of degenerative spondylolisthesis, the importance of which has been suggested in the current literature. The systematization of knowledge in this field can allow a more accurate adjustment of the treatment plan for each patient affected by this condition.

Exploring the Interplay of Muscular Endurance, Functional Balance, and Limits of Stability: A Comparative Study in Individuals with Lumbar Spondylosis Using a Computerized Stabilometric Force Platform

“…These degenerative changes often lead to chronic pain, reduced spinal stability, and biomechanical alterations, all of which significantly compromise functional balance [56]. The association between lumbar spine disorders and impaired functional balance is well-documented [56,57]. Individuals with lumbar spondylosis frequently experience difficulties in maintaining equilibrium due to pain and decreased lumbar extensor muscle strength [54].…”

Erector spinae could be the game changer in surgical decision-making in patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis: a cross-sectional analysis of an age-, sex-, subtype-, level-matched patients with similar spinopelvic parameters received surgical or conservative management

“…Andrade et al [44] conducted an epidemiologic systematic review of 15 published observational studies analyzing any association between IS and clinical of the pars interarticularis [28]. Even though many factors have been proposed for the etiology of DS and IS, the exact triggers for the onset and progression of spondylolisthesis are still unclear [29][30][31]. Lumbar DS could cause low back pain (LBP) and leg symptoms (neurogenic claudication) due to the slippage and concomitant lumbar spinal stenosis, respectively [27].…”

Transpedicular Fixation for the Alleviation of Neurogenic Claudication and Backache in the Management of Spondylolisthesis

“…have been studied and found contributory to the condition. 13 Majority of the patients are found incidentally on plain X-rays without any symptoms; however, in symptomatic patients, backache and neurogenic claudication are the most common presenting symptoms. 14 Degenerative changes responsible for the slippage of the vertebra are disc degeneration; facet joints arthritis; laxity of the ligamentum flavum; and poor stabilization of the paraspinal muscles.…”