Factors influencing survival outcome for radiotherapy for biliary tract cancer: A multicenter retrospective study

Outcome of postoperative radiation therapy for cholangiocarcinoma and analysis of dose-volume histogram of remnant liver

“…[2,3] The incidence of extrahepatic CCA is reportedly less than 1.5 in 100,000 people in Western countries, [4,5] but is more common in Asia, including Japan, than in Western countries. [2,6–9] Although CCA is commonly treated with surgery, curative resection may not be possible where the disease has invaded adjacent tissues. Therefore, adjuvant therapies often may be necessary.…”

“…The efficacy of adjuvant RT has been therefore controversial. [2,4,6,12,13] As CCA often invades liver tissues, surgery may include partial liver resection, in case of adjuvant RT, the remnant liver is usually included in radiation field.…”

Retrospective analysis of intensity-modulated radiotherapy and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy of postoperative treatment for biliary tract cancer

“…Biliary tract cancer, which consists of cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder cancer, is well known for its poor prognosis. The reported 5-year overall survival rate is around 5%-30% [1][2][3][4][5]. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice for all detectable biliary tract cancer, but complete resection rates are not high enough to achieve cure and recurrence following surgery is common, either at local or distant sites [6][7][8].…”

High ratio of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)+/CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes identifies a poor prognostic subset of extrahepatic bile duct cancer undergoing surgery plus adjuvant chemoradiotherapy

“…No randomized phase III trials have evaluated the role of adjuvant treatment in the disease entity, but some retrospective studies have suggested that postoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) has advantages [4,5]. In a recent multicenter analysis, the use of adjuvant CRT resulted in survival benefits in patients with N1 stage biliary tract cancer [6].…”

“…No randomized phase III trials have evaluated the role of adjuvant treatment in the disease entity, but some retrospective studies have suggested that postoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) has advantages [4,5]. In a recent multicenter analysis, the use of adjuvant CRT resulted in survival benefits in patients with N1 stage biliary tract cancer [6].There has been increasing evidence that anti-tumor immune responses are helpful in eliminating residual tumors and enhancing the cytotoxic effect of conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy [7]. Several molecular markers of immune cells were expected to be prognostic factors for oncologic treatment outcomes [8,9], but few therapeutic applications have been established in clinical practices.…”