Factors Influencing Chloride Concentration in Human Sweat

Johnson, R. E.; Pitts, G. C.; Consolazio, F. C.

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1944.141.4.575

Cited by 52 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…It might therefore be expected that, as the subjects had lower rectal temperatures when taking salt than when not taking salt, the chloride content of their sweat would also be lower. This has been reported by Johnson et al (1944) and by Lee et al (1941). But a low daily salt intake diminishes the salt loss in the sweat (McCance, 1938) and a high salt intake increases the chloride content of arm sweat (Ladell, 1945) also of whole body sweat (Weiner & van Heyningen, 1952b).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…On the other hand, Adolph (1947 a) is quite definite that sweat rate is independent of water intake, and the Fort Knox team (Eichna, Bean, Ashe & Nelson, 1945) found that replacing the sweat losses did not affect the sweat rate. In some tests saline has been given in place of water; Lee, Murray Simmonds & Atherton (1941) found a reduction in sweat rate with saline, more marked in hot dry conditions; Johnson et al (1944) reported the same, although the same team ) also reported the opposite in another paper. Eichna et al found no effect at all, and Gerking & Robinson (1946) in contrast to Johnson did not find that drinking of saline deferred the onset of sweat gland 'fatigue'.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

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The effects of water and salt intake upon the performance of men working in hot and humid environments

Ladell¹

1955

The Journal of Physiology

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

mentioning

confidence: 96%

The effects of water and salt intake upon the performance of men working in hot and humid environments

Ladell¹

1955

The Journal of Physiology

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“…Although sweat solute concentrations vary greatly in different body areas, there is no evidence that the arm sweat concentrations of the measured solutes are higher than the concentration of these solutes from other skin areas collected in a similar manner (4,5,6,14,26). It would appear that the environment created under the arm bag led to the differences noted between arm and total body sweat solute concentration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

The Effect of an Impermeable Vapor Barrier on Electrolyte and Nitrogen Concentrations in Sweat 1

Bass¹,

Quinn²

1953

J. Clin. Invest.

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When environmental temperatures are high, 80 to 90 per cent of the total water, sodium, and chloride, and 25 to 50 per cent of the losses of potassium, calcium, magnesium, and nitrogen may occur in the sweat (1, 2). Failure to measure these losses may lead to serious errors in balance studies. Although dermal water loss can' be quite accurately measured in both acute and prolonged studies, this is not true of sweat electrolytes and nitrogen. Even in metabolic balance studies where the subject's daily activities are rigidly controlled, the accurate collection of all body sweat solutes by repeated body washings presents obvious difficulties. Conn and Louis (3) and Johnson, Pitts, and Consolazio (4) have assumed that the dermal losses are equal to the intake-(urine plus fecal losses). This method, however, disregards any daily positive or negative balances of these substances which may occur. The simplest method involves the collection of a local sweat sample, measurement of the solute concentration, and determination of the total solute content from the concentration and the totali sweat loss. This method assumes that the local sample is representative of the total body sweat and that the technique of collection does not alter the true solute concentrations. Previous investigations (5,6,7,8) and data from this Laboratory (7) indicate that neither of these assumptions is correct. In general, previous studies (5,6,7,8,9) (5) found surprisingly good agreement between the loss of chloride in sweat calculated from arm bag concentrations and sweat rate and the value obtained from total body washings.In view of the conflicting results of previous investigators, the present study was undertaken to reevaluate the effect of an impermeable barrier, such as a plastic arm bag on the sodium, potassium, chloride, and total nitrogen concentrations of thermal sweat and to determine whether the concentration of solutes in arm bag sweat could be used to calculate total dermal electrolyte and nitrogen losses. METHODSTwenty-seven experiments were performed on 17 men. Although the precise state of acclimatization to heat was not known in these subjects, one group of experiments was performed during the fall (Group A) and the other (Group B) during the summer. Each experiment consisted of a one-to two-hour exposure at 1200 F. with a relative humidity of 28 to 30 per cent. In an effort to prevent the loss of any body sweat by means other than evaporation, the men were clothed in light cotton pajama-type drawers, the lower end being tucked into long woolen socks, covered over with polyethylene foot bags inside of combat boots. Large cotton bath towels, folded in strip fashion, were tied around the chest and the uninclosed upper arm. Each subject carried an additional towel in his hand for wiping off his face and neck. In all subjects, sweat was collected during the entire heat exposure from one arm in polyethylene bags which were sealed at the level of the insertion of the deltoid muscle.During the period of sweat collection, the subject ...

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“…The mean chloride concentration in 187 samples of sweat from subject H was 0 275 %, standard deviation 0-082; the mean concentration in 281 samples from subject B was 0 469 %, standard deviation 0X091. The factors concerned in these variations are many (Johnson et al 1944 …”

Section: Total Loss For Whole Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

The measurement of chloride losses in the sweat

Ladell¹

1948

The Journal of Physiology

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Factors Influencing Chloride Concentration in Human Sweat

Cited by 52 publications

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The effects of water and salt intake upon the performance of men working in hot and humid environments

The effects of water and salt intake upon the performance of men working in hot and humid environments

The Effect of an Impermeable Vapor Barrier on Electrolyte and Nitrogen Concentrations in Sweat 1

The measurement of chloride losses in the sweat

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